Abstract
Maybe it was God who in the beginning created heaven and earth (Gen 1,1), who created mankind (Gen 2,7), who committed nature to us (Gen 2,15). Whether it is a question of creed or not: Our atmosphere is unique. Its special consistence makes it possible for the temperature on the earth’s surface to constantly stay at a certain level, a level at which our environment can unfold and the Garden of Eden can be preserved and protected. And if God has committed nature to mankind in equal shares, all humans bear responsibility for protecting and saving the Garden of Eden. And if not, the same is true by the principle of equity.
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- 1.
Cf. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presented an overall special report on “Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX)”. The 600 pages report in English is available online and can be downloaded at http://www.ipcc-wg2.gov/SREX. A printed version is available since May 2012 from the IPCC office at http://www.ipcc.ch. For further interest: the key statements of the SREX, which were comprised by the Ministry of Education and Science (BMBF), the Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) in cooperation with the German IPCC coordinating group, are available at http://www.de-ipcc.de/ (as of 01.10.2012).
- 2.
Details on this ordinance are available on the site of the Ministry of Environment at http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/changements/carbone/Systeme-plafonnement-droits-GES-en.htm (as of: 12.11.2013).
- 3.
Detailed information on the “Clean Energy Future Package “is available at http://www.cleanenergyfuture.gov.au/ (as of 12.11.2013).
- 4.
Meanwhile, the new Australian Government, already promised within the election campaign, will withdraw from the CO2-Tax (Source: Liberal Party of Australia, available at http://www.liberal.org.au/latest-news/2013/09/10/tony-abbott-interview-david-koch-and-samantha-armytage-sunrise (as of 12.11.2013)).
- 5.
Cf. and for further information the New Zealand government, available at http://www.climatechange.govt.nz/emissions-trading-scheme/ (as of 12.11.2013).
- 6.
This cap-and-trade program is part of “Québec’s Climate Change Plan”. (Source: Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks of Québec 2008).
- 7.
Detailed information on “Clean Energy Future Package” is available at http://www.cleanenergyfuture.gov.au/ (as of 12.11.2013).
- 8.
The Panda Standard is a certification scheme for domestic and forestry offset projects initiated by the China Beijing Environment Exchange, BlueNext, Winrock International, and the Asian Development Bank. The China Green Carbon Foundation was launched in 2010 by China’s State Forestry Administration. Source: Wang (2011).
- 9.
The bill is available on the sites of the Federal Administration for the Environment (BAFU) at http://www.bafu.admin.ch/klima/00493/06577/12209/index.html?lang=de (as of 12.11.2013).
- 10.
Thus fossil-thermal power plants, that need to offset their emissions in accordance with Article 22 of the Law on CO2, are not subject to the CH-EHS. In contrast to most EU countries, however, waste incineration plants are included in the CH ETS and medium-sized enterprises are given the opportunity to participate voluntarily. Pending a link with the EU ETS the auctioning is also regulated differently.
- 11.
Cf. Art. 18 CO2-Law new version.
- 12.
Notification C.N.796.2011.TREATIES-1, accessible at http://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/background/application/pdf/canada.pdf.pdf (as of 14.09.2013).
- 13.
Copenhagen Accord, Decision 2/CP.15, 18 December 2009, FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1, available at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/11a01.pdf, (as of 14.09.2013); Cancun Agreements, Decision 1/CP. 16, 10 December 2010, FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, available at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/07a01.pdf, (as of 14.09.2013).
- 14.
Accessible at http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2012+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc, (as of 14.09.2013).
- 15.
Data from Eurostat for 2012, accessible at http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00001&language=en, (as of 14.09.2013).
- 16.
World Bank data for 2011, accessible at http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP. PP.CD, (as of 14.09.2013).
- 17.
As reported by Chinability, accessible at http://www.chinability.com/Reserves.htm, (as of 14.09.2013).
- 18.
Notification C.N.796.2011.TREATIES-1, accessible at http://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/background/application/pdf/canada.pdf.pdf, (as of 14.09.2013).
- 19.
In 2010 alone, there exists a gap between the sum of GHG emissions of the provinces in China and the official report for China as a whole of 1.4 billon tones of CO2 (=5 % of the annual global emissions of CO2) (Source: Dabo Guan et al. 2012, 672 ff).
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Spyra, S., Albrecht, E. (2014). Beside Adaptation: Concepts for the Future. In: Albrecht, E., Schmidt, M., Mißler-Behr, M., Spyra, S. (eds) Implementing Adaptation Strategies by Legal, Economic and Planning Instruments on Climate Change. Environmental Protection in the European Union, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77614-7_20
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