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Micro-bioerosion in volcanic glass: extending the ichnofossil record to Archaean basaltic crust

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Book cover Current Developments in Bioerosion

Part of the book series: Erlangen Earth Conference Series ((ERLANGEN))

Abstract

Microbial bioerosion of volcanic glass produces conspicuous ichnofossils in oceanic crusts that are a valuable tracer of sub-surface microorganisms. Two morphologically distinct granular and tubular ichnofossils are produced. The ‘Granular form’ consists of individual or coalescing, spherical bodies with average diameters of ~0.4 μm. The ‘Tubular form’ are straight, sometimes ranched, to curving and spiralled tubes with average diameters of 1-2 μm and lengths of up to ~200μm. A biogenic origin for these structures is confirmed by: the concentration of DNA that binds to biological stains in recent examples; enrichments in C, N and P along their margins in both recent and ancient examples; and systematic C isotope shifts measured upon disseminated carbonate in the surrounding glass. The constructing microorganisms are thought to include heterotrophs and chemolithoautotrophs that may utilise Fe and Mn from basaltic glass as electron donors and derive carbon sources and electron acceptors from circulating fluids. These microbial ichnofossils are found at depths of up to 550 metres in the oceanic crust in the glassy rims of pillow basalts and interpillow breccias. A diverse spectrum of ichnofabrics is created by overlapping phases of granular and tubular bioerosion; banded abiotic dissolution; and the precipitation of phyllosilicates, zeolites and iron-oxy-hydroxides. The resulting ichnofabrics have been documented from in situ oceanic crust spanning the youngest to the oldest oceanic basins (0 to 170 Ma). Their geological record extends to include meta-volcanic glass in oceanic crustal fragments from Phanerozoic to Proterozoic ophiolites. Examples infilled by the mineral titanite (CaTiSiO4) have also been found in Palaeo- to Mesoarchaean pillow basalts from the Barberton Greenstone Belt of South Africa and the East Pilbara Terrane of Western Australia. Direct 206Pb / 238U radiometric dating of the Australia examples has confirmed their Archaean age and thus they represent the oldest candidate ichnofossils on Earth.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Excellence in Geobiology and the Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway

    Nicola McLoughlin & Harald Furnes

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada

    Neil R. Banerjee

  3. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093-0225, USA

    Hubert Staudigel

  4. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada

    Karlis Muehlenbachs

  5. AEON and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa

    Maarten de Wit

  6. Geological Survey of Western Australia, Western Australia 6004, Australia

    Martin J Van Kranendonk

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  1. Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Inst. Paläontologie, Loewenichstr. 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany

    Max Wisshak

  2. Dept. Geosciences, Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Ave., Stop 8072 Pocatello ID 83209-8072, USA

    Leif Tapanila

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McLoughlin, N. et al. (2008). Micro-bioerosion in volcanic glass: extending the ichnofossil record to Archaean basaltic crust. In: Wisshak, M., Tapanila, L. (eds) Current Developments in Bioerosion. Erlangen Earth Conference Series. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77598-0_19

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