Abstract
Hepatobiliary carcinomas represent tumors that originate either from the gallbladder, the liver parenchyma, or bile ducts (cholangiocarcinoma). Hepatocellular cancer is the seventh most common cancer in the world and most common in men aged 50–60 years. The strongest risk factor for hepatocellular cancer is cirrhosis (risk of hepatocellular cancer is at 1%–2% per year) (Fattovich et al. 1995). Cirrhosis can be caused by viral infections including hepatitis B or C. Alcohol and hemochromatosis are other causes of cirrhosis. Aflatoxins and hepatitis itself (independent of underlying cirrhosis) are also strong risk factors for hepatocellular cancer.
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Herman, J.M., Pawlik, T.M. (2008). Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Gallbladder Cancer, and Cholangiocarcinoma. In: Lu, J.J., Brady, L.W. (eds) Radiation Oncology. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77385-6_15
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