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50 Years of Artificial Intelligence pp 1–8Cite as

AI in the 21st Century – With Historical Reflections

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Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 4850))

Abstract

The discipline of Artificial Intelligence (AI) was born in the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. Half of a century has passed, and AI has turned into an important field whose influence on our daily lives can hardly be overestimated. The original view of intelligence as a computer program – a set of algorithms to process symbols – has led to many useful applications now found in internet search engines, voice recognition software, cars, home appliances, and consumer electronics, but it has not yet contributed significantly to our understanding of natural forms of intelligence. Since the 1980s, AI has expanded into a broader study of the interaction between the body, brain, and environment, and how intelligence emerges from such interaction. This advent of embodiment has provided an entirely new way of thinking that goes well beyond artificial intelligence proper, to include the study of intelligent action in agents other than organisms or robots. For example, it supplies powerful metaphors for viewing corporations, groups of agents, and networked embedded devices as intelligent and adaptive systems acting in highly uncertain and unpredictable environments. In addition to giving us a novel outlook on information technology in general, this broader view of AI also offers unexpected perspectives into how to think about ourselves and the world around us. In this chapter, we briefly review the turbulent history of AI research, point to some of its current trends, and to challenges that the AI of the 21st century will have to face.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Informatics, University of Zurich, Switzerland

    Max Lungarella & Rolf Pfeifer

  2. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, MIT, USA

    Fumiya Iida

  3. Dept. of Computer Science, University of Vermont, USA

    Josh C. Bongard

Authors
  1. Max Lungarella
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  2. Fumiya Iida
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  3. Josh C. Bongard
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  4. Rolf Pfeifer
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Editor information

Max Lungarella Fumiya Iida Josh Bongard Rolf Pfeifer

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Lungarella, M., Iida, F., Bongard, J.C., Pfeifer, R. (2007). AI in the 21st Century – With Historical Reflections. In: Lungarella, M., Iida, F., Bongard, J., Pfeifer, R. (eds) 50 Years of Artificial Intelligence. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 4850. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77296-5_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77296-5_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-77295-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-77296-5

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

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