Abstract
Negative external costs as a result of road traffic are an important issue in the process of developing new infrastructure and much effort has been concerned with how to measure, valuate and internalise the various external effects in order to establish a more efficient transport system. A flexible and increasingly popular instrument for internalisation is road charging, in order to internalise negative external effects and force a behavioural reaction towards a more efficient transport system. The aim of the present chapter is to analyse how, and to what extent, different road charging systems impact travel demand and derived external effects. The analysis is based on a recent study from Copenhagen and experience from the implemented toll-ring systems in Stockholm and London.
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Rich, J., Nielsen, O.A. (2008). External Effects and Road Charging. In: Jensen-Butler, C., Sloth, B., Larsen, M.M., Madsen, B., Nielsen, O.A. (eds) Road Pricing, the Economy and the Environment. Advances in Spatial Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77150-0_13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77150-0_13
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