Abstract
This paper describes a simple yet effective method for achieving accurate, believable eye contact between humans and computer-generated characters, which to the author’s knowledge is demonstrated here for the first time. A prototype system provides a high-fidelity stereoscopic head-tracked virtual environment, within which the user can engage in eye contact with a near-photorealistic virtual human model. The system does not require eye tracking. The paper describes design and implementation details, and reports qualitative positive feedback from initial testers.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Takacs, B., Kiss, B.: The virtual human interface: A photorealistic digital human. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 23(5), 38–45 (2003)
Badler, N.I., Phillips, C.B., Webber, B.L.: Simulating Humans: Computer Graphics, Animation, and Control. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford (1993)
Raij, A.B., Johnsen, K., Dickerson, R.F., Lok, B.C., Cohen, M.S., Duerson, M., Pauly, R.R., Stevens, A.O., Wagner, P., Lind, D.S.: Comparing Interpersonal Interactions with a Virtual Human to Those with a Real Human. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 13(3), 443–457 (2007)
Argyle, M., Cook, M.: Gaze and Mutual Gaze. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1976)
Meehan, M., Razzaque, S., Whitton, M., Brooks, F.: Effects of Latency on Presence in Stressful Virtual Environments. In: Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality 2003, pp. 141–148. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2003)
Deering, M.: High Resolution Virtual Reality. In: Thomas, J.J. (ed.) SIGGRAPH 1992. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, vol. 26(2), pp. 195–202. ACM Press, New York (1992)
Takayama, A., Sugimoto, Y., Okuie, A., Suzuki, T., Kato, K.: Virtual human with regard to physical contact and eye contact. In: Kishino, F., Kitamura, Y., Kato, H., Nagata, N. (eds.) ICEC 2005. LNCS, vol. 3711, pp. 268–278. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Billinghurst, M., Henrysson, A.: Research Directions in Handheld AR. Int. J. of Virtual Reality 5(2), 51–58 (2006)
Rolland, J.P., Burbeck, C.A., Gibson, W., Ariely, D.: Towards Quantifying Depth and Size Perception in 3D Virtual Environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 4(1), 24–48 (1995)
Holloway, R.: Registration Error Analysis for Augmented Reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 6(4), 413–432 (1997)
Lipton, L.: Foundations of the Stereoscopic Cinema. Van Nostrand Reinhold (1982)
Azuma, R., Bishop, G.: Improving Static and Dynamic Registration in an Optical See-Through HMD. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1994, Computer Graphics, Annual Conference Series, 1994, pp. 197–204 (1994)
Fuhrmann, A., Splechtna, R., Pikryl, J.: Comprehensive calibration and registration procedures for augmented reality. In: Proc. Eurographics Workshop on Virtual Envi-ronments 2001, pp. 219–228 (2001)
Michael Caine on Acting in Film. TV miniseries episode produced by BBC Entertainment and Dramatis Personae Ltd. (1987)
Symons, L.A., Lee, K., Cedrone, C.C., Nishimura, M.: What are you looking at? Acuity for triadic eye gaze. J. Gen. Psychology 131(4), 451–469 (2004)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
State, A. (2007). Exact Eye Contact with Virtual Humans. In: Lew, M., Sebe, N., Huang, T.S., Bakker, E.M. (eds) Human–Computer Interaction. HCI 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4796. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75773-3_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75773-3_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-75772-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-75773-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)