Abstract
This paper presents a study on the integration of spatial cognition into a symbolic theory. The concepts of encoding object-locations in local allocentric reference systems and noisy representations of locations have been integrated into the ACT-R architecture of cognition. The intrinsic reference axis of the local reference systems automatically result from the sequence of attended locations. The first part of the paper describes experiments we performed to test hypotheses on the usage of local allocentric reference systems in the context of object-location memory in graphical layout structures. The second part describes in more detail the theory and its integration into ACT-R. Based on the theory a model has been developed for the task in the experiments. The parameters for the noise in the representation of locations and the parameters for the recall of symbolic memory chunks were set to values in the magnitude quoted in literature. The model satisfyingly reproduces the data from user studies with 30 subjects.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, J.R., Bothell, D., Lebiere, C., Matessa, M.: An integrated theory of list memory. Journal of Memory and Language 38, 341–380 (1998)
Anderson, J.R., Bothell, D., Byrne, M.D., Douglass, S., Lebiere, C., Qin, Y.: An integrated theory of the mind. Psychological Review 111(4), 1036–1060 (2004)
Bühlmann, P., Wyner, A.J.: Varaible Length Markov Chains. Annals of Statistics 27(1), 480–513 (1999)
Cockburn, A.: Evaluating spatial memory in two and three dimensions. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 61(3), 359–373 (2004)
Ehret, B.D.: Learning where to look: Location learning in graphical user interfaces. CHI Letters 4(1), 211–218 (2002)
Harrison, A.M., Shunn, C.D.: ACT-R/S: Look Ma, No ”cognitive-map”! In: International Conference on Cognitive Modeling, pp. 129–134 (2003)
Huttenlocher, J., Hedges, L.V., Duncan, S.: Categories and Particulars: Prototype Effects in Estimating Spatial Location. Psychological Review 98(3), 352–376 (1991)
Johnson, T.R., Wang, H., Zhang, J., Wang, Y.: A Model of Spatio-Temporal Coding of Memory for Multidimensional Stimuli. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 506–511. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahweh, NJ (2002)
McNamara, T.P.: How are the locations of objects in the environment represented in memory? In: Freksa, C., Brauer, W., Habel, C., Wender, K. (eds.) Spatial cognition III: Routes and navigation, human memory and learning, spatial representation and spatial reasoning, pp. 174–191. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Mou, W., McNamara, T.P.: Intrinsic frames of reference in spatial memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 28, 162–170 (2002)
Pylyshyn, Z.W.: The role of location indexes in spatial perception: A sketch of the FINST spatial-index model. Cognition 32, 65–97 (1989)
Servan-Schreiber, E., Anderson, J.R.: Chunking as a mechanism of implicit learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16, 592–608 (1990)
Tavanti, M., Lind, M.: 2D vs. 3D, Implications on Spatial Memory. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, pp. 139–145 (2001)
Ron, D., Singer, Y., Tishby, N.: The Power of Amnesia: Learning Probabilistic Automata with Variable Length. Machine Learning 25(2/3), 117–149 (1996)
Wang, H., Johnson, T.R., Zhang, J., Wang, Y.: A study of object-location memory. In: Gray, W., Schunn, C. (eds.) Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 920–925. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahweh NJ (2002)
Winkelholz, C., Schlick, C., Motz, F.: Validating Cognitive Human Models for Multiple Target Search Tasks with Variable Length Markov Chains. SAE-Paper 2003-01-2219. In: Proceedings of the 6th SAE Digital Human Modeling Conference Montreal, Canada, (2003)
Winkelholz, C., Schlick, C.: Statistical Variable Length Markov Chains for the Parameterization of Stocastic User-Models from Sparse Data. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (2004)
Winkelholz, C., Schlick, C., Brütting, M.: The effect of structure on object-location memory. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 1458–1463. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahweh, NJ (2004)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Winkelholz, C., Schlick, C.M. (2007). Modeling Human Spatial Memory Within a Symbolic Architecture of Cognition. In: Barkowsky, T., Knauff, M., Ligozat, G., Montello, D.R. (eds) Spatial Cognition V Reasoning, Action, Interaction. Spatial Cognition 2006. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 4387. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75666-8_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75666-8_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-75665-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-75666-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)