Abstract
Fault tree analysis is a traditional and well-established technique for analyzing system design and robustness. Its purpose is to identify sets of basic events, called cut sets, which can cause a given top level event, e.g. a system malfunction, to occur. Generating fault trees is particularly critical in the case of reactive systems, as hazards can be the result of complex interactions involving the dynamics of the system and of the faults. Recently, there has been a growing interest in model-based fault tree analysis using formal methods, and in particular symbolic model checking techniques. In this paper we present a broad range of algorithmic strategies for efficient fault tree analysis, based on binary decision diagrams (BDDS). We describe different algorithms encompassing different directions (forward or backward) for reachability analysis, using dynamic cone of influence techniques to optimize the use of the finite state machine of the system, and dynamically pruning of the frontier states. We evaluate the relative performance of the different algorithms on a set of industrial-size test cases.
This work has been partly supported by the E.U.-sponsored project ISAAC, contract no. AST3-CT-2003-501848.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abdulla, P.A., Deneux, J., Stålmarck, G., Ågren, H., Åkerlund, O.: Designing Safe, Reliable Systems using Scade. In: Margaria, T., Steffen, B. (eds.) ISoLA 2004. LNCS, vol. 4313, Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Aldemir, T.: Computer-assisted Markov Failure Modeling of Process Control Systems. IEEE Transactions on Reliability R-36, 133–144 (1987)
Banach, R., Bozzano, M.: Retrenchment, and the Generation of Fault Trees for Static, Dynamic and Cyclic Systems. In: Górski, J. (ed.) SAFECOMP 2006. LNCS, vol. 4166, Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Bieber, P., Castel, C., Seguin, C.: Combination of Fault Tree Analysis and Model Checking for Safety Assessment of Complex System. In: Proceedings of Dependable Computing EDCC-4: 4th European Dependable Computing Conference, Toulouse, France, October 23-25, 2002. LNCS, vol. 2485, pp. 19–31. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Biere, A., Cimatti, A., Clarke, E.M., Zhu, Y.: Symbolic Model Checking without BDDs. In: Cleaveland, W.R. (ed.) TACAS 1999. LNCS, vol. 1579, Springer, Heidelberg (1999)
Bozzano, M., Cavallo, A., Cifaldi, M., Valacca, L., Villafiorita, A.: Improving Safety Assessment of Complex Systems: An industrial case study. In: Araki, K., Gnesi, S., Mandrioli, D. (eds.) FME 2003. LNCS, vol. 2805, Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Bozzano, M., Villafiorita, A.: The FSAP/NuSMV-SA Safety Analysis Platform. Software Tools for Technology Transfer 9(1), 5–24 (2007)
Bozzano, M., et al.: ESACS: An Integrated Methodology for Design and Safety Analysis of Complex Systems. In: Proc. ESREL 2003, Balkema Publisher (2003)
Bozzano, M., et al.: ISAAC, a framework for integrated safety analysis of functional, geometrical and human aspects. In: Proc. ERTS 2006 (2006)
Bryant, R.E.: Symbolic Boolean Manipulation with Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams. ACM Computing Surveys 24(3), 293–318 (1992)
Cimatti, A., Clarke, E.M., Giunchiglia, F., Roveri, M.: NuSMV: a new symbolic model checker. Software Tools for Technology Transfer 2(4), 410–425 (2000)
Cojazzi, G., Izquierdo, J.M., Meléndez, E., Perea, M.S.: The Reliability and Safety Assessment of Protection Systems by the Use of Dynamic Event Trees. The DYLAM-TRETA Package. In: Proc. XVIII Annual Meeting Spanish Nucl. Soc. (1992)
Coudert, O., Madre, J.C.: Implicit and Incremental Computation of Primes and Essential Primes of Boolean Functions. In: Proc. DAC 1992, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (1992)
Coudert, O., Madre, J.C.: Fault Tree Analysis: 1020 Prime Implicants and Beyond. In: Proc. RAMS 1993 (1993)
Deneux, J., Åkerlund, O.: A Common Framework for Design and Safety Analyses using Formal Methods. In: Proc. PSAM7/ESREL 2004 (2004)
The FSAP platform, http://sra.itc.it/tools/FSAP
Joshi, A., Heimdahl, M.P.E.: Model-Based Safety Analysis of Simulink Models Using SCADE Design Verifier. In: Winther, R., Gran, B.A., Dahll, G. (eds.) SAFECOMP 2005. LNCS, vol. 3688, Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Joshi, A., Miller, S.P., Whalen, M., Heimdahl, M.P.E.: A Proposal for Model-Based Safety Analysis. In: Proc. DASC 2005 (2005)
Manian, R., Dugan, J.B., Coppit, D., Sullivan, K.J.: Combining Various Solution Techniques for Dynamic Fault Tree Analysis of Computer Systems. In: Proc. HASE 1998, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (1998)
Marseguerra, M., Zio, E., Devooght, J., Labeau, P.E.: A concept paper on dynamic reliability via Monte Carlo simulation. Math. and Comp. in Simulation 47, 371–382 (1998)
McMillan, K.L.: Symbolic Model Checking. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht (1993)
Miller, S.P., Tribble, A.C., Heimdahl, M.P.E.: Proving the Shalls. In: Araki, K., Gnesi, S., Mandrioli, D. (eds.) FME 2003. LNCS, vol. 2805, Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
The NuSMV model checker, http://nusmv.itc.it
Papazoglou, I.A.: Markovian Reliability Analysis of Dynamic Systems. In: Reliability and Safety Assessment of Dynamic Process Systems, pp. 24–43. Springer, Heidelberg (1994)
Peikenkamp, T., Böede, E., Brückner, I., Spenke, H., Bretschneider, M., Holberg, H.-J.: Model-based Safety Analysis of a Flap Control System. In: Proc. INCOSE 2004 (2004)
Rauzy, A.: New Algorithms for Fault Trees Analysis. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 40(3), 203–211 (1993)
Rauzy, A., Dutuit, Y.: Exact and Truncated Computations of Prime Implicants of Coherent and Non-Coherent Fault Trees within Aralia. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 58(2), 127–144 (1997)
Schäfer, A.: Combining Real-Time Model-Checking and Fault Tree Analysis. In: Araki, K., Gnesi, S., Mandrioli, D. (eds.) FME 2003. LNCS, vol. 2805, Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Siu, N.O.: Risk Assessment for Dynamic Systems: An Overview. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 43, 43–74 (1994)
Smidts, C., Devooght, J.: Probabilistic Reactor Dynamics II. A Monte-Carlo Study of a Fast Reactor Transient. Nuclear Science and Engineering 111(3), 241–256 (1992)
Sullivan, K.J., Dugan, J.B., Coppit, D.: The Galileo Fault Tree Analysis Tool. In: Proc. FTCS 1999, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (1999)
Thums, A., Schellhorn, G.: Model Checking FTA. In: Araki, K., Gnesi, S., Mandrioli, D. (eds.) FME 2003. LNCS, vol. 2805, Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Tribble, A.C., Lempia, D.L., Miller, S.P.: Software Safety Analysis of a Flight Guidance System. In: Proc. DASC 2002 (2002)
Tribble, A.C., Miller, S.P.: Software Safety Analysis of a Flight Management System Vertical Navigation Function - A Status Report. In: Proc. DASC 2003 (2003)
Vesely, W.E., Goldberg, F.F., Roberts, N.H., Haasl, D.F.: Fault Tree Handbook. Technical Report NUREG-0492, Systems and Reliability Research Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (1981)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bozzano, M., Cimatti, A., Tapparo, F. (2007). Symbolic Fault Tree Analysis for Reactive Systems. In: Namjoshi, K.S., Yoneda, T., Higashino, T., Okamura, Y. (eds) Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis. ATVA 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4762. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75596-8_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75596-8_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-75595-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-75596-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)