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Molecular Mechanisms of Plant and Microbe Coexistence pp 3–51Cite as

Plant Associated Soil Micro-organisms

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Part of the book series: Soil Biology ((SOILBIOL,volume 15))

Roots constitute important plant organs for water and nutrient uptake. However, they also release a wide range of carbon compounds of low molecular weight. These can amount to between 10% and 20% of total net fixed carbon (Rovira 1991) and form the basis for an environment rich in diversified microbiological populations, the rhizosphere (Hiltner 1904). The rhizosphere has been defined as a narrow zone of soil which is influenced by living roots. Bacteria are an important part of micro-organisms inhabiting this ecological niche. Abundance and turnover of rhizobacteria are regulated by microfaunal grazers such as protozoa. Consequently, beneficial effects of protozoa on plant growth have been related to nutrients released from consumed bacterial biomass. This has been termed ‘microbial loop’ (Bonkowski 2004) and works as follows: organic compounds released from roots stimulate bacterial growth. Bacteria can solubilize nutrients from the mineral soil layer, but will sequester them. Consumption of bacteria by soil protozoa and nematodes will then liberate nutrients, which in due course will become available for plants. Fungi form another important part of the rhizosphere. Most terrestrial plants develop symbiotic structures (mycorrhiza) with soil-borne fungi. In these interactions the fungal partner provides the plant with improved access to water and soil nutrients due to more or less complex hyphal structures, which emanate from the root surface and extend far into the soil. The plant, in return, supplies carbohydrates for fungal growth and maintenance (Hampp and Schaeffer 1998; Smith and Read 1997). Due to leakage and the turnover of mycorrhizal structures, these solutes are also released into the mycorrhizosphere where they can be accessed by the other micro-organisms. It has been shown that microbial communities within the rhizosphere are distinct from those of non-rhizosphere soil (Curl and Truelove 1986; Whipps and Lynch 1986).

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  1. Botanical Institute, Physiological Ecology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany

    Mika Tarkka, Silvia Schrey & Rüdiger Hampp

  2. Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, D-06120, Halle, Germany

    Mika Tarkka

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  1. National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India

    Chandra Shekhar Nautiyal

  2. Département de phytologie Pavillon Charles-Eugène Marchand, Université Laval, 1030, avenue de la Médecine, Québec (Québec), G1V 0A6, Canada

    Patrice Dion

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Tarkka, M., Schrey, S., Hampp, R. (2008). Plant Associated Soil Micro-organisms. In: Nautiyal, C.S., Dion, P. (eds) Molecular Mechanisms of Plant and Microbe Coexistence. Soil Biology, vol 15. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75575-3_1

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