Abstract
The term retinitis strictly defines an inflammatory process of the retinal tissue without reference to its origin or its clinical characteristics. Classically, an area of retinitis appears as a whitish area within the retina (in contrast to choroidal lesions, which are more yellowish and seem to be located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium), usually with diffuse borders and an elevated appearance in its acute stage (Fig. 46.1).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bacsal KE, Chee SP, Cheng CL, Flores JV (2007) Dengue-associated maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 125(4):501–510
Berson EL, Lessell S (1988) Paraneoplastic night blindness with malignant melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol 106(3):307–311
Breeveld J, Kuiper H, Spanjaard L et al (1993) Uveitis and Lyme borreliosis. Br J Ophthalmol 77(8):480–481
Cassoux N, Giron A, Bodaghi B et al (2007) IL-10 measurement in aqueous humor for screening patients with suspicion of primary intraocular lymphoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(7):3253–3259
Cassoux N, Merle-Beral H, Leblond V et al (2000) Ocular and central nervous system lymphoma: clinical features and diagnosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 8(4):243–250
Choi JY, Kafkala C, Foster CS (2006) Primary intraocular lymphoma: a review. Semin Ophthalmol 21(3):125–133
Cochrane TF, Silvestri G, McDowell C et al (2012) Acute retinal necrosis in the United Kingdom: results of a prospective surveillance study. Eye (Lond) 26:370–377
Curi AL, Machado D, Heringer G et al (2010) Cat-scratch disease: ocular manifestations and visual outcome. Int Ophthalmol 30:553–558
de Visser L, Rothova A, de Boer JH et al (2008) Diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis by establishing intraocular antibody production. Am J Ophthalmol 145:369–374
Deutman AF, Klomp HJ (1981) Rift Valley fever retinitis. Am J Ophthalmol 92(1):38–42
Engstrom RE Jr, Holland GN, Margolis TP et al (1994) The progressive outer retinal necrosis syndrome. A variant of necrotizing herpetic retinopathy in patients with AIDS. Ophthalmology 101:1488–1502
Fekkar A, Bodaghi B, Touafek F et al (2008) Comparison of immunoblotting, calculation of the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient, and real-time PCR using aqueous humor samples for diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 46:1965–1967
Garza-Leon M, Muccioli C, Arellanes-Garcia L (2008) Toxoplasmosis in pediatric patients. Int Ophthalmol Clin 48:75–85
Guex-Crosier Y, Rochat C, Herbort CP (1997) Necrotizing herpetic retinopathies. A spectrum of herpes virus-induced diseases determined by the immune state of the host. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 5:259–265
Gupta G, Pyatetsky D (2009) Posterior uveitis secondary to syphilis. Clin Med Res 7:106
Herbort CP, Bodaghi B, Lehoang P (2001) Indocyanine green angiography in ocular inflammatory diseases: principles, schematic interpretation, semiology and clinical value. J Fr Ophtalmol 24:423–447
Holland GN (1994) Standard diagnostic criteria for the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Executive Committee of the American Uveitis Society. Am J Ophthalmol 117:663–667
Jabs DA (1995) Ocular manifestations of HIV infection. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 93:623–683
Kesen MR, Goldstein DA, Tessler HH (2008) Uveitis associated with pediatric Behcet disease in the American Midwest. Am J Ophthalmol 146:819–827.e812
Khairallah M, Accorinti M, Muccioli C, Kahloun R, Kempen JH (2012) Epidemiology of Behçet disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 20(5):324–335
Khairallah M, Ben Yahia S, Ladjimi A et al (2004) Chorioretinal involvement in patients with West Nile virus infection. Ophthalmology 111(11):2065–2070
Khairallah M, Kahloun R, Ben Yahia S et al (2013) New infectious etiologies for posterior uveitis. Ophthalmic Res 49:66–72
Khairallah M, Ladjimi A, Chakroun M et al (2004) Posterior segment manifestations of Rickettsia conorii infection. Ophthalmology 111:529–534
Kuchtey RW, Kosmorsky GS, Martin D, Lee MS (2003) Uveitis associated with West Nile virus infection. Arch Ophthalmol 121:1648–1649
Lubow M, Grzybowski DM, Letson AD et al (2008) Fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographies in Susac syndrome. Retina 28:1174; author reply 1174–1175
Mahdi N, Faia LJ, Goodwin J et al (2010) A case of autoimmune retinopathy associated with thyroid carcinoma. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 18:322–323
Markomichelakis NN, Canakis C, Zafirakis P et al (2002) Cytomegalovirus as a cause of anterior uveitis with sectoral iris atrophy. Ophthalmology 109:879–882
Mittal A, Mittal S, Bharathi JM et al (2007) Uveitis during outbreak of Chikungunya fever. Ophthalmology 114(9):1798
Papo T, Biousse V, Lehoang P et al (1998) Susac syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 77(1):3–11
Pichi F, Ciardella AP (2012) Imaging in the diagnosis and management of idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN). Int Ophthalmol Clin 52(4):275–282
Puech C, Gennai S, Pavese P et al (2010) Ocular manifestations of syphilis: recent cases over a 2.5-year period. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 248(11):1623–1629
Quillen DA, Davis JB, Gottlieb JL et al (2004) The white dot syndromes. Am J Ophthalmol 137(3):538–550
Sahel J, Bonnel S, Mrejen S, Paques M (2010) Retinitis pigmentosa and other dystrophies. Dev Ophthalmol 47:160–167
Samuel MA, Equi RA, Chang TS et al (2007) Idiopathic retinitis, vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN): new observations and a proposed staging system. Ophthalmology 114(8):1526–1529.e1521
Sawyer RA, Selhorst JB, Zimmerman LE, Hoyt WF (1976) Blindness caused by photoreceptor degeneration as a remote effect of cancer. Am J Ophthalmol 81(5):606–613
Shailaja S, Vivek G, Shetty R, Kamath Y (2013) Eye is a window to the pulse: bilateral ocular ischaemic syndrome as a presenting manifestation of Takayasu arteritis. BMJ Case Reports doi 10.1136
Smith JA, Mackensen F, Sen HN et al (2009) Epidemiology and course of disease in childhood uveitis. Ophthalmology 116(8):1544–1551, 1551.e1541
Sullivan C, Murray PI (2001) Acquired ocular toxoplasmosis in an elderly patient. Eye (Lond) 15(Pt 6):791–792
Svozilkova P, Heissigerova J, Brichova M et al (2011) The role of pars plana vitrectomy in the diagnosis and treatment of uveitis. Eur J Ophthalmol 21(1):89–97
Tsai T, O’Brien JM (2002) Masquerade syndromes: malignancies mimicking inflammation in the eye. Int Ophthalmol Clin 42(1):115–131
Tugal-Tutkun I, Onal S, Altan-Yaycioglu R et al (2004) Uveitis in Behcet disease: an analysis of 880 patients. Am J Ophthalmol 138(3):373–380
Tugal-Tutkun I, Urgancioglu M (2003) Childhood-onset uveitis in Behcet disease: a descriptive study of 36 cases. Am J Ophthalmol 136(6):1114–1119
Velez G, Chan CC, Csaky KG (2002) Fluorescein angiographic findings in primary intraocular lymphoma. Retina 22(1):37–43
Westerfeld C, Mukai S (2009) Retinal and choroidal biopsy. Int Ophthalmol Clin 49(1):145–154
Whitley RJ, Holland GN (1999) Cytomegalovirus retinitis–evolving therapies in a new era. N Engl J Med 340(14):1109–1110
Sugar EA, Jabs DA, Ahuja A et al (2012) Studies of the Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group. Incidence of cytomegalovirus retinitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 153(6):1016–24.e5.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
1 Electronic Supplementary Material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Case Report 44
Acute retinal necrosis (PPT 4597 kb)
Case Report 56
Acute retinal necrosis (PPT 723 kb)
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Julian, K., Bodaghi, B. (2016). Retinitis. In: Zierhut, M., Pavesio, C., Ohno, S., Orefice, F., Rao, N. (eds) Intraocular Inflammation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75387-2_46
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75387-2_46
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-75385-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-75387-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)