Abstract
TNF-alpha is a potent, pro-inflammatory cytokine that is synthesized by T helper cells and by activated monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and endothelial cells. TNF-alpha acts on two receptors, present on many types of cells: type 1 TNF receptor (also known as p55) which is expressed on all nucleated cells and type 2 TNF receptor (also known as p75), present on lymphocytes, endothelial cells and neurons. TNF-alpha activates other cytokines, upregulates adhesion molecules, induces nitric oxide synthase and increases cell-mediated immunity and granuloma formation. Furthermore, it activates neutrophils and renders them more adherent to vascular endothelium and more sensitive for IL-1 and IL-6.
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Accorinti, M., Zierhut, M. (2016). TNF-Alpha Blocking Agents. In: Zierhut, M., Pavesio, C., Ohno, S., Orefice, F., Rao, N. (eds) Intraocular Inflammation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75387-2_21
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