Abstract
Understanding of the integrated Sun-heliosphere system has been transformed by Ulysses, the only mission to explore the heliosphere in three dimensions and overcome the limitations of measurements restricted to the vicinity of the ecliptic plane. Ulysses’ three orbits (O-I, O-II, O-III) have been very favorably aligned with respect to sunspot minimum and maximum conditions during solar cycle 23, giving rapid spatiotemporal cuts through the heliosphere at the extremes of sunspot activity during the fast-latitude scans, and more leisurely cuts through the heliosphere during the slow-latitude scans in the long rising and falling portions of the sunspot cycle (Figure 7.1). The first fast-latitude scan (FLS-I) took place in 1994–1995, at solar minimum and the start of cycle 23. The rising phase of cycle 23 took place during the second half of O-I and the first half of O-II. FLS-II occurred at the maximum of cycle 23. The falling phase of cycle 23 took place during the second half of O-II and the first half of O-III. By assembling the measurements through all the phases of cycle 23, it has been possible to characterize the “four-dimensional” heliosphere (space + time). A simple graphic representation of this characterization is a dial plot of solar wind speed such as those for O-I and O-II shown in Figure 7.2. The global viewpoint has knitted together the measurements of Ulysses with those of all the other missions that make up “The Great Observatory” (TGO) of heliospheric missions.
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Suess, S.T. (2008). Overview: The heliosphere then and now. In: The Heliosphere through the Solar Activity Cycle. Springer Praxis Books. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74302-6_7
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