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The Multifunctional Role of Antibodies in the Protective Response to Bacterial T Cell-Independent Antigens

  • Chapter
Specialization and Complementation of Humoral Immune Responses to Infection

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 319))

Abstract

While most complex antigens can induce antibody responses in a mature immunological system, this is not the case when injected into ontogenetically immature systems, as are found in neonates and pediatric-age children. Thus the antibody response to polysaccharides, which would in theory provide protection against infection by all polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides, and Haemophilus influenzae, cannot be stimulated by immunization with the polysaccharides by themselves. It was only with the introduction of conjugate vaccines that protection from these bacterial infections was provided to this susceptible age group. The introduction of these conjugate vaccines into the arsenal of vaccines serves as a remarkable example of how valuable it is to understand the mechanisms of biological processes. Many years of intense laboratory investigation demonstrated that when polysaccharides are covalently conjugated to proteins, the characteristics of the immune response are similar to that of the protein rather than the polysaccharide. These characteristics would induce an anti-polysaccharide response even in the pediatric population, which was heretofore unable to mount protective responses to the polysaccharide. With the advent of conjugate vaccines for the above three mentioned bacteria, the incidence of bacteremia, meningitis, and otitis media has almost been eliminated. This chapter discusses in some detail the mechanisms which underlie the effectiveness of conjugate vaccines and discusses some of the vaccines that have been commercialized.

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Abbreviations

TD:

T cell-dependent

TI:

T cell-independent

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

BCR:

B cell receptor

PS:

Polysaccharide

MHC:

Major histocompatability complex

PAMPS:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

NK:

Natural killer

PRP:

Polyribosyl ribitol phosphate

Hib:

Haemophilus influenzae type b

ACIP:

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices

LTA:

Lipoteichoic acid

xid :

X-linked immune defect

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  1. Biosynexus Incorporated, 9298 Gaither Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20877, USA

    J. F. Kokai-Kun

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  1. J. J. Mond
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  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Tim Manser PhD

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Mond, J.J., Kokai-Kun, J.F. (2008). The Multifunctional Role of Antibodies in the Protective Response to Bacterial T Cell-Independent Antigens. In: Manser, T. (eds) Specialization and Complementation of Humoral Immune Responses to Infection. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 319. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73900-5_2

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