Abstract
So far we have only considered stationary time series. As a matter of fact, however, most economic time series are trending, like, for example, the GDP series investigated in Chapter 1. We tried to eliminate the trend by using first differences or growth rates. These filtered series can be investigated by employing the concepts that were developed for the analysis of stationary time series.
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Kirchgässner, G., Wolters, J. (2007). Nonstationary Processes. In: Introduction to Modern Time Series Analysis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73291-4_5
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