The larynx is divided into the supraglottis, glottis, and subglottis. The supraglottis consists of the epiglottis, the false vocal cords, the ventricles, and the aryepiglottic folds, including the arytenoids. The glottis includes the true vocal cords and the anterior commissure. The lateral line of demarcation between the glottis and supraglottis is the apex of the ventricle. The subglottis is located below the vocal cords and is considered to extend from a point 5 mm below the free margin of the vocal cord to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Amdur RJ, Parsons JT, Mendenhall WM et al. (1989) Postoperative irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: an analysis of treatment results and complications. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 16:25–36
American Joint Committee on Cancer (2002) Larynx. AJCC cancer staging manual, 6th ed. Springer, New York, pp 47–57
Archer CR, Yeager VL, Herbold DR (1984) Improved diagnostic accuracy in laryngeal cancer using a new classifi cation based on computed tomography. Cancer 53:44–57
Beckhardt RN, Murray JG, Ford CN et al. (1994) Factors infl u-encing functional outcome in supraglottic laryngectomy. Head Neck 16:232–239
Bocca E (1991) Sixteenth Daniel C. Baker, Jr, memorial lecture. surgical management of supraglottic cancer and its lymph node metastases in a conservative perspective. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 100:261–267
Burstein FD, Calcaterra TC (1985) Supraglottic laryngectomy: series report and analysis of results. Laryngoscope 95:833–836
Crampette L, Garrel R, Gardiner Q et al. (1999) Modifi ed subtotal laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy–Long term results in 81 patients. Head Neck 21:95–103
Csanády M, Iván L, Czigner J (1999) Endoscopic CO2 laser therapy of selected cases of supraglottic marginal tumors. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 256:392–394
Davis RK, Kelly SM, Hayes J (1991) Endoscopic CO2 laser exci-sional biopsy of early supraglottic cancer. Laryngoscope 101:680–683
DeSanto LW (1990) Early supraglottic cancer. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 99:593–597
Fletcher GH, Hamberger AD (1974) Causes of failure in irradiation of squamous-cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx. Radiology 111:697–700
Fletcher GH, Lindberg RD, Jesse RH (1969) Radiation therapy for cancer of the larynx and pyriform sinus. Eye Ear Nose Throat Digest 31:58–67
Foote RL, Olsen KD, Buskirk SJ et al. (1994) Laryngectomy alone for T3 glottic cancer. Head Neck 16:406–412
Forastiere AA, Goepfert H, Maor M et al. (2003) Concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for organ preservation in advanced laryngeal cancer. N Engl J Med 349:2091–2098
Fu KK, Pajak TF, Trotti A et al. (2000) A Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) phase III randomized study to compare hyperfractionation and two variants of accelerated fractionation to standard fractionation radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: fi rst report of RTOG 9003. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48:7–16
Gall AM, Sessions DG, Ogura JH (1977) Complications following surgery for cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx. Cancer 39:624–631
Gallo A, de Vincentiis M, Manciocco V et al. (2003) CO2 laser cordectomy for early-stage glottic carcinoma: a long-term follow-up of 156 cases. Laryngoscope 112:370–374
Garden AS, Forster K, Wong PF et al. (2003) Results of radiotherapy for T2N0 glottic carcinoma: does the “2” stand for twice-daily treatment? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 55:322–328
Ghossein NA, Bataini J P, Ennuyer A et al. (1974) Local control and site of failure in radically irradiated supraglottic laryn-geal cancer. Radiology 112:187–192
Giovanni A, Guelfucci B, Gras R et al. (2001) Partial frontolat-eral laryngectomy with epiglottic reconstruction for management of early-stage glottic carcinoma. Laryngoscope 111:663–668
Harwood AR, Beale FA, Cummings BJ et al. (1980) T3 glottic cancer: An analysis of dose-time-volume factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 6:675–680
Harwood AR, Beale FA, Cummings BJ et al. (1981) T4N0M0 glottic cancer: An analysis of dose-time-volume factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 7:1507–1512
Hinerman RW, Mendenhall WM, Amdur RJ et al. (2002) Carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx: treatment results with radiotherapy alone or with planned neck dissection. Head Neck 24:456–467
Hinerman RW, Mendenhall WM, Morris CG et al. (2007) T3 and T4 true vocal cord squamous carcinomas treated with external beam irradiation: a single institution's 35-year experience. Am J Clin Oncol 30:181–185
Hinni ML, Salassa JR, Grant DG et al. (2007) Transoral laser microsurgery for advanced laryngeal cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 133:1198–1204
Huang DT, Johnson CR, Schmidt-Ullrich R et al. (1992) Postoperative radiotherapy in head and neck carcinoma with extracapsular lymph node extension and/or positive resection margins: a comparative study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 23:737–742
Isaacs JH Jr., Slattery WH, III, Mendenhall WM et al. (1998) Supraglottic laryngectomy. Am J Otolaryngol 19:118–123
Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E et al. (2007) Cancer statistics 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 57:43–66
Jesse RH (1975) The evaluation of treatment of patients with extensive squamous cancer of the vocal cords. Laryngoscope 85:1424–1429
La Vecchia C, Zhang ZF, Altieri A (2008) Alcohol and laryngeal cancer: an update. Eur J Cancer Prev 17:116–124
Laccourreye H, Laccourreye O, Weinstein G et al. (1990) Supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy: a partial laryngeal procedure for glottic carcinoma. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 99:421–426
Laccourreye O, Weinstein G, Brasnu D et al. (1994) A clinical trial of continuous cisplatin-fl uorouracil induction chemotherapy and supracricoid partial laryngectomy for glottic carcinoma classifi ed as T2. Cancer 74:2781–2790
Le Q-TX, Fu KK, Kroll S et al. (1997) Infl uence of fraction size, total dose, and overall time on local control of T1-T2 glottic carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 39:115–126
Lee NK, Goepfert H, Wendt CD (1990) Supraglottic laryngec-tomy for intermediate-stage cancer: U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience with combined therapy. Laryngoscope 100:831–836
Lima RA, Freitas EQ, Dias FL et al. (2006) Supracricoid laryn-gectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy for advanced glottic cancer. Head Neck 28:481–486
Lutz CK, Johnson JT, Wagner RL et al. (1990) Supraglottic carcinoma: patterns of recurrence. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 99:12–17
McGuirt WF, Blalock D, Koufman JA et al. (1994) Comparative voice results after laser resection or irradiation of T1 vocal cord carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 120:951–955
Mendenhall WM, Amdur RJ, Morris CG et al. (2001) T1-T2N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx treated with radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol 19:4029–4036
Mendenhall WM, Morris CG, Amdur RJ et al. (2003) Parameters that predict local control following definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 25:535–542
Mendenhall WM, Morris CG, Stringer SP et al. (2002) Voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy and postoperative radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol 20:2500–2505
Mendenhall WM, Parsons JT, Stringer SP et al. (1992) Stage T3 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx: a comparison of laryngectomy and irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 23:725–732
Mendenhall WM, Riggs CE, Amdur RJ et al. (2003) Altered fractionation and/or adjuvant chemotherapy in definitive irradiation of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 113:546–551
Mendenhall WM, Villaret DB, Amdur RJ et al. (2002) Planned neck dissection after definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 24:1012–1018
Mendenhall WM, Werning JW, Hinerman RW et al. (2004) Management of T1-T2 glottic carcinomas. Cancer 100:1786–1792
Million RR, Cassisi NJ, Mancuso AA (1994) Larynx. In: Million RR, Cassisi NJ (eds) Management of head and neck cancer: a multidisciplinary approach, 2nd edn. J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 431–497
Mills EE (1979) Early glottic carcinoma: factors affecting radiation failure, results of treatment and sequelae. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 5:811–817
Motta G, Esposito E, Cassiano B et al. (1997) T1-T2-T3 glottic tumors: Fifteen years experience with CO2 laser. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 527:155–159
Nakfoor BM, Spiro IJ, Wang CC et al. (1998) Results of accelerated radiotherapy for supraglottic carcinoma: a Massachusetts General Hospital and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary experience. Head Neck 20:379–384
Ogura JH, Sessions DG, Ciralsky RH (1975) Supraglottic carcinoma with extension to the arytenoid. Laryngoscope 85:1327–1331
Ogura JH, Sessions DG, Spector GJ (1975) Conservation surgery for epidermoid carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx. Laryngoscope 85:1808–1815
O'Sullivan B, Mackillop W, Gilbert R et al. (1994) Controversies in the management of laryngeal cancer: results of an international survey of patterns of care. Radiother Oncol 31:23–32
Parsons JT, Mendenhall WM, Mancuso AA et al. (1989) Twice-a-day radiotherapy for T3 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx. Head Neck 11:123–128
Peretti G, Nicolai P, Redaelli De Zinis LO et al. (2000) Endoscopic CO2 laser excision for Tis, T1, and T2 glottic carcinomas: cure rate and prognostic factors. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123:124–131
Pignon JP, Bourhis J, Domenge C et al. (2000) MACH-NC (Meta-Analysis of Chemotherapy on Head and Neck Cancer) Collaborative Group. Chemotherapy added to locoregional treatment for head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma: three meta-analyses of updated individual data. Lancet 355:949–955
Polesel J, Talamini R, La Vecchia C et al. (2008) Tobacco smoking and the risk of upper aero-digestive tract cancers: a reanalysis of case-control studies using spline models. Int J Cancer 122:2398–2402
Pradhan SA, Pai PS, Neeli SI et al. (2003) Transoral laser surgery for early glottic cancers. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 129:623–625
Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL et al. (2001) SEER cancer statistics review, 1973–1998. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
Rudert HH, Werner JA (1995) Endoscopic resections of glottic and supraglottic carcinomas with the CO2 laser. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 252:146–148
Rudert HH, Werner JA, Höft S (1999) Transoral carbon dioxide laser resection of supraglottic carcinoma. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 108:819–827
Skolnik EM, Ye e KF, Wheatley MA et al. (1975) Carcinoma of the laryngeal glottis: therapy and end results. Laryngoscope 85:1453–1466
Skolyszewski J, Reinfuss M (1981) The results of radiotherapy of cancer of the larynx in six European countries. Radiobiol Radiother (Berl) 22:32–43
Spector JG, Sessions DG, Chao KS et al. (1999) Stage I (T1 N0 M0) squamous cell carcinoma of the laryngeal glottis: therapeutic results and voice preservation. Head Neck 21:707–717
Spector JG, Sessions DG, Chao KSC et al. (1999) Management of stage II (T2N0M0) glottic carcinoma by radiotherapy and conservation surgery. Head Neck 21:116–123
Spriano G, Antognoni P, Piantanida R et al. (1997) Conservative management of T1-T2N0 supraglottic cancer: a retrospective study. Am J Otolaryngol 18:299–305
Steiner W (1993) Results of curative laser microsurgery of laryngeal carcinomas. Am J Otolaryngol 14:116–121
Steiniger JR, Parnes SM, Gardner GM (1997) Morbidity of combined therapy for the treatment of supraglottic carcinoma: supraglottic laryngectomy and radiotherapy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 106:151–158
Stewart JG, Brown JR, Palmer MK et al. (1975) The management of glottic carcinoma by primary irradiation with surgery in reserve. Laryngoscope 85:1477–1484
Stewart JG, Jackson AW (1975) The steepness of the dose response curve both for tumor cure and normal tissue injury. Laryngoscope 85:1107–1111
Sykes AJ, Slevin NJ, Gupta NK et al. (2000) 331 cases of clinically node-negative supraglottic carcinoma of the larynx: a study of a modest size fixed field radiotherapy approach. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46:1109–1115
Thomas J V, Olsen KD, Neel HB, III et al. (1994) Early glottic carcinoma treated with open laryngeal procedures. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 120:264–268
Vermund H (1970) Role of radiotherapy in cancer of the larynx as related to the TNM system of staging. A review. Cancer 25:485–504
Wang CC (1987) Radiation therapy of laryngeal tumors: curative radiation therapy. In: Thawley SE, Panje WR (eds) Comprehensive management of head and neck tumors. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 906–919
Wang CC (1997) Carcinoma of the larynx. In: Wang CC (ed) Radiation therapy for head and neck neoplasms, 3rd ed. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 221–255
Wang CC, Montgomery WM (1991) Deciding on optimal manage ment of supraglottic carcinoma. Oncology 5:41–46
Warde P, O'Sullivan B, Bristow RG et al. (1998) T1-T2 glottic cancer managed by external beam radiotherapy: the influ-ence of pretreatment hemoglobin on local control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 41:347–353
Weber PC, Johnson JT, Myers EN (1993) Impact of bilateral neck dissection on recovery following supraglottic lary-ngectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 119:61–64
Yamazaki H, Nishiyama K, Tanaka E et al. (2006) Radiotherapy for early glottic carcinoma (T1N0M0): results of prospective randomized study of radiation fraction size and overall treatment time. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64:77–82
Zeitels SM, Koufman JA, Davis RK et al. (1994) Endoscopic treatment of supraglottic and hypopharynx cancer. Laryngoscope 104:71–78
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mendenhall, W.M., Hinerman, R.W., Amdur, R.J., Vaysberg, M., Werning, J.W. (2009). Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology and Treatment Outcomes. In: Harari, P.M., Connor, N.P., Grau, C. (eds) Functional Preservation and Quality of Life in Head and Neck Radiotherapy. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73232-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73232-7_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-73231-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-73232-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)