Abstract
Scientific and industrial metrology provided tools for technological growth andinnovation, by fostering competitiveness and creating a favorable environment forscientific and industrial development. Every major country has its own metrologyinstitute to support companies in increasing their productivity and the quality oftheir goods and services. The fast development of carbon-nanotube science andapplications urged studies on metrology, standardization and industrial qualitycontrol. Development of protocols for the definition of sample parameters likestructural metrics, physical properties and stability are important for both researchand applications of single-, double- and multiwall carbon nanotubes. This workdiscusses some of the experimental techniques that are broadly used forcarbon-nanotube characterization, including scanning probe microscopy andspectroscopy, electron microscopy and diffraction, and optical spectroscopies, fromthe molecular level to bulk properties, addressing achievements, limitations anddirections where further research is needed for the development of standards andprotocols for metrology, standardization and industrial quality control of carbonnanotubes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Dias, J. L. de Matos: Medidas, normaliza{\c c}{\~a}o e qualidade: aspectos da hist{\'o}ria da metrologia no Brasil (Ilustra\c c\~oes, Rio de Janeiro 1998)
Conf{\'e}rence G{\'e}n{\'e}rale des Poids et Measures. Comptes Rendus des S{\'e}ances (Gauthier-Villars, Paris 1889)
A. G. Rinzler, J. Liu, H. Dai, P. Nikolaev, C. B. Huffman, F. G. Rodrigues, et al.: Large-scale purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes: process, product, and characterization, Appl. Phys. A. 67, 29–37 (1998)
I. W. Chiang, B. E. Brinson, R. E. Smalley, J. L. Margrave, R. H. Haure: Purification and characterization of single-wall carbon nanoutbes, J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 1157–1161 (2001)
S. Arepalli, P. Nikolaev, O. Gorelik, V. G. Hadjiev, W. Holmes, B. Files, L. Yowell: Protocol for the characterization of single-wall carbon nanotube material quality, Carbon 42, 1783–1791 (2004)
2nd Joint Workshop on Measurement Issues in Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes: Purity and Dispersion Part II (NIST Gaithersburg 2005) URL: http://www.msel.nist.gov/Nanotube2/Carbon_Nan otubes.htm
Third NASA-NIST Workshop on Nanotube Measurements (NIST Gaithersburg 2007) URL: http://polymers.nist.gov/Nanotube3/Workshop3. htm
First International Forum on the Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality of Carbon Nanotubes (INMETRO Rio de Janeiro 2007) URL: http://www.inmetro.gov.br/msin07
S. Iijima: Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature 354, 56 (1991)
H. Jiang, F. H. Li, E. I. Kauppinen: (Springer, Netherlands 2004)
M. Haider, S. Uhlemann, E. Schwan, H. Rose, B. Kabius, K. Urban: Electron microscopy image enhanced, Nature 392, 768 (1998)
A. G. Nasibulin, A. Moisala, D. P. Brown, H. Jiang, E. I. Kauppinen: A novel aerosol method for single walled carbon nanotube synthesis, Chem. Phys. Lett. 402, 227–232 (2005)
P. Queipo, A. G. Nasibulin, D. Gonzalez, U. Tapper, H. Jiang, T. Tsuneta, K. Grigoras, J. A. Duenas, E. I. Kauppinen: Novel catalyst particle production method for cvd growth of single- and double-walled carbon nanotubes, Carbon 44(8), 1604–1608 (2006)
S. Suzuki, K. Kanzaki, Y. Homma, S. Fukuba: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43, 1118–1120 (2004)
A. Hashimoto, K. Suenaga, A. Gloter, K. Urita, S. Iijima: Direct evidence for atomic defects in graphene layers, Nature 430, 870–873 (2004)
A. Hashimoto, K. Suenaga, K. Urita, T. Shimada, T. Sugai, S. Bandow, H. Shinohara, S. Iijima: Atomic correlation between adjacent graphene layers in double-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 045504 (2005)
N. Tanaka, J. Yamasaki, T. Kawai, H. Pan: Nanotechnol. 15, 1779–1784 (2004)
K. Hirahara, K. Saitoh, J. Yamasaki, N. Tanaka: Direct observation of six-membered rings in the upper and lower walls of a single-wall carbon nanotube by spherical aberration-corrected {HRTEM}, Nano Lett. 6(8), 1778–1783 (2006)
S. Iijima, T. Ichihashi: Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter, Nature 363, 603–605 (1993)
M. Gao, J. Zuo, R. D. Twesten, I. Petrov, L. A. Nagahara, R. Zhang: Structure determination of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes by nanoarea electron diffraction, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(16), 2703–2705 (2003)
H. Jiang, D. P. Brown, A. G. Nasibulin, E. I. Kauppinen: Robust bessel-function-based method for determination of the (n,m) indices of single-walled carbon nanotubes by electron diffraction, Phys. Rev. B 74, 035427 (2006)
A. Lucas, P. Lambin: Diffraction by {DNA}, carbon nanotubes and other helical nanostructures, Rep. Prog. Phys. 68, 1181–1249 (2005)
Z. Liu, Q. Zhang, L.-C. Qin: Determination and mapping of diameter and helicity for single-walled carbon nanotubes using nanobeam electron diffraction, Phys. Rev. B 71, 245413 (2005)
H. Jiang, A. G. Nasibulin, D. P. Brown, E. I. Kauppinen: Unambiguous atomic structural determination of single-walled carbon nanotubes by electron diffraction, Carbon 45(3), 662–667 (2006)
E. Meyer, H. J. Hug, R. Bennewitz: Scanning Probe Microscopy: The Lab on a Tip (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2003)
H. J. Guntherodt, R. Wiesendanger (Eds.): Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy II: Further Applications and Related Scanning Techniques, 2 ed., Springer Series in Surface Sciences (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1995)
S. Morita, R. Wiesendanger, E. Meyer: Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2002)
G. Binning, H. Rohrer, C. Gerber, E. Weibel: Surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 57–61 (1982)
J. W. Gadzuk: Inelastic resonance scattering, tunneling, and desorption, Phys. Rev. B 44, 13446–13477 (1991)
B. C. Stipe, M. A. Rezaei, W. Ho: Inducing and viewing the rotational motion of a single molecule, Science 279, 1907–1909 (1998)
B. C. Stipe, M. A. Rezaei, W. Ho, S. Gao, M. Persson, B. I. Lundqvist: Single molecule dissociation by tunneling electrons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4410–4413 (1997)
N. Lorente, M. Persson, L. J. Lauhon, W. Ho: Symmetry selection rules for vibrationally inelastic tunneling, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2593–2596 (2001)
S. Nolen, S. T. Ruggiero: Tunneling spectroscopy of fullerene/{Ge} multilayer systems, Chem. Phys. Lett. 300, 656–660 (1999)
X. M. H. Huang, R. Caldwell, L. Huang, S. C. Jun, M.Huang, M. Y. Sfeir, S. P. O'Brien, J. Hone: Controlled placement of individual carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett. 5, 1515–1518 (2005)
M. Y. Sfeir, T. Beetz, F. Wang, L. Huang, X. M. H. Huang, M. Huang, J. Hone, S. O'Brien, J. A. Misewich, T. F. Heinz, L. Wu, Y. Zhu, L. E. Brus: Optical spectroscopy of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes of defined chiral structure, Science 312, 554 (2006)
Understanding carbon nanotubes: From basics to applications, in A. Loiseau, P. Launois, P. Petit, S. Roche, J.-P. Salvetat (Eds.): Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 677 (Springer 2006)
Z. Zhang, C. M. Lieber: Nanotube structure and electronic properties probed by scanning tunneling microscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 2792–2794 (1993)
C. H. Olk, J. P. Heremans: Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes, J. Mater. Res. 9, 259–262 (1994)
M. Ge, K. Sattler: Vapor-condensation generation and {STM} analysis of fullerene tubes, Science 260, 515–518 (1993)
D. L. Carroll, P. Redlich, P. M. Ajayan, J. C. Charlier, X. Blase, A. {De Vita}, R. Car: Electronic structure and localized states at carbon nanotube tips, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2811–2814 (1997)
M. Ge, K. Sattler: Scanning tunneling microscopy of single-shell nanotubes of carbon, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 2284–2286 (1994)
J. W. G. Wilder, L. C. Venema, A. G. Rinzler, R. E. Smalley, C. Dekker: Electronic structure of atomically resolved carbon nanotubes, Nature 391, 59–62 (1998)
T. W. Odom, J.-L. Huang, P. Kim, C. M. Lieber: Atomic structure and electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nature 391, 62–64 (1998)
A. Hassanien, M. Tokumoto, Y. Kumazawa, H. Kataura, Y. Maniwa, S. Suzuki, Y. Achiba: Atomic structure and electronic properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes probed by scanning tunneling microscope at room temperature, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 3839–3841 (1998)
A. Mrzel, A. Hassanien, Z. Liu, K. Suenaga, Y. Miyata, K. Yanagi, H. Kataura: Effective, fast, and low temperature encapsulation of fullerene derivatives in single wall carbon nanotubes, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2007.04.236 Surface Science, in press
R. S. Ruoff, J. Tersoff, D. C. Lorents, S. Subramoney, B. Chan: Radial deformation of carbon nanotubes by van der {Waals} forces, Nature 364, 514–516 (1993)
M. S. Dresselhaus., G. Dresselhaus, P. Avouris (Eds.): Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications, Top. Appl. Phys. 80 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2000)
E. C. Venema, J. W. G. Wildoer, J. W. Janssen, S. J. Tans, H. L. J. T. Tuinstra, L. P. Kouwenhoven, C. Dekker: Imaging electron wave functions of quantized energy levels in carbon nanotubes, Science 283, 52–55 (1999)
Z. Yao, H. W. C. Postma, L. Balents, C. Dekker: Carbon nanotube intramolecular junctions, Nature 402, 273–276 (1999)
M. Ouyang, J.-L. Huang, C. L. Cheung, C. M. Lieber: Atomically resolved single-walled carbon nanotube intramolecular junctions, Science 291, 97–100 (2001)
A. Hassanien, M. Holzinger, A. Hirsch, , M. Tokumoto, P. Venturini: Ropes of carbon nanotube intramolecular junction, Synth. Met. 137, 1203–1204 (2003)
A. Hassanien, M.Tokumoto, P. Umek, D. Mihailovic, A. Mrzel: Fermi electron wave packet interference images on carbon nanotubes at room temperature, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 808–810 (2001)
R. A. Jishi, M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus: Electron–phonon coupling and the electrical conductivity of fullerene nanotubules, Phys. Rev. B 48, 11385 (1993)
T. Hertel, G. Moos: Influence of the excited electron lifetime on the electronic structure of carbon nanotubes, Chem. Phys. Lett. 320, 359 (2000)
A. Hassanien, M. Tokumoto: The electronic properties of suspended single wall carbon nanotubes, Carbon 12–13, 2649–2653 (2004)
L. Vitali, M. Burghard, M. A. Schneider, L. Liu, S. Y. Wu, C. S. Jayanthi, K. Kern: Phonon spectromicroscopy of carbon nanostructures with atomic resolution, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 136103 (2004)
L. Vitali, M. Burghard, P. Wah, M. A. Schneider, K. Kern: Local pressure-induced metallization of a semiconducting carbon nanotube in a crossed junction, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 086804 (2006)
M. Ishigami, H. J. Choi, S. Aloni, S. G. Louie, M. L. Cohen, A. Zettl: Identifying defects in nanoscale materials, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 196803 (2004)
B. J. LeRoy, S. G. Lemay, J. Kong, C. Dekker: Electrical detection and control of phonons in carbon nanotubes, Nature 432, 371–374 (2004)
S. Sapmaz, P. Jarillo-Herrero, L. P. Kouwenhoven, H. S. J. van der Zant: Quantum dots in carbon nanotubes, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 21(11), S52–S63 (2006)
A. Jorio, R. Saito, J. H. Hafner, C. M. Lieber, M. Hunter, T. McClure, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus: Structural (n,m) determination of isolated single-wall carbon nanotubes by resonant {Raman} scattering, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 1118–1121 (2001)
M. Y. Sfeir, T. Beetz, F. Wang, L. Huang, X. M. H. Huang, M. Huang, J. Hone, S. O'Brien, J. A. Misewich, T. F. Heinz, L. Wu, Y. Zhu, L. E. Brus: Optical spectroscopy of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes of defined chiral structure, Science 312, 554–556 (2006)
J. Lefebvre, J. M. Fraser, P. Finnie, Y. Homma: Photoluminescence from an individual single-walled carbon nanotube, Phys. Rev. B 69, 075403 (2004)
A. Jorio, R. Saito, T. Hertel, R. B. Weisman, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus: Carbon nanotube photophysics, MRS Bull. 29, 276 (2004)
H. Kataura, Y. Kumazawa, Y. Maniwa, I. Umezu, S. Suzuki, Y. Ohtsuka, Y. Achiba: Optical properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes, Synthetic Met. 103, 2555–2558 (1999)
C. Fantini, A. Jorio, A. P. Santos, V. S. T. Peressinotto, M. A. Pimenta: Characterization of {DNA}-wrapped carbon nanotubes by resonance {Raman} and optical absorption spectroscopies, Chem. Phys. Lett. 439, 138–142 (2007)
M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, R. Saito, A. Jorio: Exciton photophysics of carbon nanotubes, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 58, 719–747 (2007)
P. T. Araujo, S. K. Doorn, S. Kilina, D. Tretiak, III, E. Einarsson, S. Maruyama, H. Chacham, M. A. Pimenta, A. Jorio: The third and fourth optical transitions in semiconducting carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 067401 (2007)
G. G. Samsonidze, R. Saito, N. Kobayashi, A. Gr{ü}neis, J. Jiang, A. Jorio, S. G. Chou, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus: Family behavior of the optical transition energies in single-wall carbon nanotubes of smaller diameters, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5703–5705 (2004)
V. N. Popov, L. Henrard: Comparative study of the optical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes within orthogonal and nonorthogonal tight-binding models, Phys. Rev. B 70, 115407 (2004)
A. Jorio, C. Fantini, M. A. Pimenta, R. B. Capaz, G. G. Samsonidze, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus, J. Jiang, N. Kobayashi, A. {Grüneis}, R. Saito: Resonance {Raman} spectroscopy (n,m) dependent effects in small diameter single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B 71, 075401 (2005)
C. Fantini, A. Jorio, M. Souza, M. S. Strano, M. S. Dresselhaus, M. A. Pimenta: Optical transition energies for carbon nanotubes from resonant {Raman} spectroscopy: Environment and temperature effects, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 147406 (2004)
S. M. Bachilo, L. Balzano, J. E. Herrera, F. Pompeo, D. E. Resasco, R. B. Weisman: Narrow (n,m)-distribution of single-walled carbon nanotubes grown using a solid supported catalyst, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 11186 (2003)
S. Berciaud, L. Cognet, P. Poulin, R. B. Weisman, B. Lounis: Absorption spectroscopy of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett. (2007)
M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, R. Saito, A. Jorio: Raman spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes, Physics Reports 409, 47–99 (2005)
A. Jorio, M. A. Pimenta, A. G. {Souza Filho}, R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus: Characterizing carbon nanotube samples with resonance {Raman} scattering, New J. Phys. 5, 1.1–1.17 (2003)
V. W. Brar, G. G. Samsonidze, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus, R. Saito, A. K. Swan, M. S. Ünl{ü}, B. B. Goldberg, A. G. {Souza Filho}, A. Jorio: Second-order harmonic and combination modes in graphite, single-wall carbon nanotube bundles, and isolated single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B 66, 155418 (2002)
S. M. Bachilo, M. S. Strano, C. Kittrell, R. H. Hauge, R. E. Smalley, R. B. Weisman: Structure-assigned optical spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes, Science 298, 2361–2366 (2002)
J. Jiang, R. Saito, K. Sato, J. S. Park, G. G. Samsonidze, A. Jorio, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus: Exciton–photon, exciton–phonon matrix elements, and resonant {Raman} intensity of single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B 75, 035405 (2007)
A. Jorio, C. Fantini, M. A. Pimenta, D. A. Heller, M. S. Strano, M. S. Dresselhaus, Y. Oyama, J. Jiang, R. Saito: Carbon nanotube population analysis from {Raman} and photoluminescence intensities, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 023109 (2006)
D. A. Heller, P. W. Barone, J. P. Swanson, R. M. Mayrhofer, M. S. Strano: Using {Raman} spectroscopy to elucidate the aggregation state of single-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 6905–6909 (2004)
S. G. Chou, H. B. Ribeiro, E. Barros, A. P. Santos, D. Nezich, G. G. Samsonidze, C. Fantini, M. A. Pimenta, A. Jorio, F. P. Filho, M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, R. Saito, M. Zheng, G. B. Onoa, E. D. Semke, A. K. Swan, M. S. Ünl{ü}, B. B. Goldberg: Optical characterization of {DNA}-wrapped carbon nanotube hybrids, Chem. Phys. Lett. 397, 296–301 (2004)
A. Jorio, A. P. Santos, H. B. Ribeiro, C. Fantini, M. Souza, J. P. M. Vieira, C. A. Furtado, J. Jiang, L. Balzano, D. E. Resasco, M. A. Pimenta: Quantifying carbon-nanotube species with resonance {Raman} scattering, Phys. Rev. B 72, 075207–1–5 (2005)
A. Jorio, C. Fantini, M. S. S. Dantas, M. A. Pimenta, A. G. {Souza Filho}, G. G. Samsonidze, V. W. Brar, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus, A. K. Swan, M. S. Ünl{ü}, B. B. Goldberg, R. Saito: Linewidth of the {Raman} features of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B 66, 115411 (2002)
A. Jorio, A. G. {Souza Filho}, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus, A. K. Swan, M. S. Ünl{ü}, B. Goldberg, M. A. Pimenta, J. H. Hafner, C. M. Lieber, R. Saito: {G}-band resonant {Raman} study of 62 isolated single wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B 65, 155412 (2002)
A. P. G. Pereira, V. S. T. Peressinotto, A. P. Santos, A. Jorio, M. A. Pimenta: Debundling effects on the tangential modes of carbon nanotubes, unpublished (2007)
L. Cançado, K. Takai, T. Enoki, M. Endo, Y. A. Kim, H. Mizusaki, A. Jorio, L. N. Coelho, R. {Magalhães}-Paniago, M. A. Pimenta: Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 163106 (2006)
J. Maultzsch, S. Reich, C. Thomsen: Chirality-selective {Raman} scattering of the {D} mode in carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B 64, 121407(R) (2001)
K. McGuire, N. Gothard, P. L. Gai, M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Sumanasekera, A. M. Rao: Synthesis and {Raman} characterization of boron-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes, Carbon 43, 219 (2005)
S. G. Chou, H. Son, J. Kong, A. Jorio, R. Saito, M. Zheng, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus: Length characterization of {DNA}-wrapped carbon nanotubes using {Raman} spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 131109 (2007)
L. G. Cançado, M. A. Pimenta, B. R. A. Neves, M. S. S. Dantas, A. Jorio: General equation for the determination of the crystallite size {L}_a of nanographite by {Raman} spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 247401 (2004)
M. A. Pimenta, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus, L. G. Can{\c c}ado, A. Jorio, R. Saito: Studying disorder in graphite-based systems by {Raman} spectroscopy, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 9, 1276–1291 (2007)
C. Fantini, A. Jorio, M. Souza, R. Saito, G. G. Samsonidze, M. S. Dresselhaus, M. A. Pimenta: Intermediate frequency {Raman} modes in metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes, in Proc. Int. Winterschool on Electronic Properties of Novel Mater. (2005)
S. G. Chou, H. Son, M. Zheng, R. Saito, A. Jorio, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus: Finite length effects in {DNA}-wrapped carbon nanotubes, Chem. Phys. Lett. 443, 328–332 (2007)
A. C. Ferrari, J. C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, S. Piscanec, D. Jiang, K. S. Novoselov, S. Roth, A. K. Geim: {Raman} spectrum of graphene and graphene layers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 187401 (2006)
A. Gupta, G. Chen, P. Joshi, S. Tadigadapa, P. C. Eklund: Nano Lett. (2006)
C. Thomsen, S. Reich: Double resonant {Raman} scattering in graphite, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 5214 (2000)
R. Saito, A. Jorio, A. G. {Souza Filho}, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus, M. A. Pimenta: Probing phonon dispersion relations of graphite by double resonance {Raman} scattering, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 027401 (2002)
Y. Oyama, R. Saito, K. Sato, J. Jiang, G. G. Samsonidze, A. Grueneis, Y. Miyauchi, S. Maruyama, A. Jorio, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus: Photoluminescence intensity of single-wall carbon nanotubes, Carbon 44, 873–879 (2006)
S. Reich, C. Thomsen, J. Robertson: Exciton resonances quench the photoluminescence of zigzag carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 077402 (2005)
H. B. Son, A. Reina, M. S. Dresselhaus, J. Kong: Characterizing the chirality distribution of single-walled carbon nanotube materials with tunable {Raman} spectroscopy. {Physica} {Status} {Solidi} {B-Basic}, Solid State Physics 243(13), 3161–3165 (2006)
O. Madelung: Semiconductors Data Handbook, 3 ed. (Springer 2004) {ISBN} 10-354040880
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jorio, A., Kauppinen, E., Hassanien, A. (2007). Carbon-Nanotube Metrology. In: Jorio, A., Dresselhaus, G., Dresselhaus, M.S. (eds) Carbon Nanotubes. Topics in Applied Physics, vol 111. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72865-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72865-8_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-72864-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-72865-8
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)