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Pharmacological Interference with Protein-Protein Interactions Mediated by Coiled-Coil Motifs

  • Chapter
Protein-Protein Interactions as New Drug Targets

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 186))

Abstract

Coiled coils are bundles of intertwined α-helices that provide proteinprotein interaction sites for the dynamic assembly and disassembly of protein complexes. The coiled-coil motif combines structural versatility and adaptability with mechanical strength and specificity. Multimeric proteins that rely on coiledcoil interactions are structurally and functionally very diverse, ranging from simple homodimeric transcription factors to elaborate heteromultimeric scaffolding clusters. Several coiled-coil-bearing proteins are of outstanding pharmacological importance, most notably SNARE proteins involved in vesicular trafficking of neurotransmitters and viral fusion proteins. Together with their crucial roles in many physiological and pathological processes, the structural simplicity and reversible nature of coiled-coil associations render them a promising target for pharmacological interference, as successfully exemplified by botulinum toxins and viral fusion inhibitors.

The α-helical coiled coil is a ubiquitous protein domain that mediates highly specific homo- and heteromeric protein-protein interactions among a wide range of proteins. The coiled-coil motif was first proposed by Crick on the basis of X-ray diffraction data on α-keratin more than 50 years ago (Crick 1952, 1953) and nowadays belongs to the best-characterized protein interaction modules. By definition, a coiled coil is an oligomeric protein assembly consisting of several right-handed amphipathic α-helices that wind around each other into a superhelix (or a supercoil) in which the hydrophobic surfaces of the constituent helices are in continuous contact, forming a hydrophobic core. Both homomeric and heteromeric coiled coils with different stoichiometries are possible, and the helices can be aligned in either a parallel or an antiparallel topology (Harbury et al. 1993, 1994). Stoichiometry and topology are governed by the primary structure, that is, the sequence of the polypeptide chains, and a given protein can participate in multiple assemblydisassembly equilibria among several coiled coils differing in stoichiometry and topology (Portwich et al. 2007).

Protein complexes whose oligomeric quaternary structures — and, hence, biological activities — depend on coiled-coil interactions include transcription factors, tRNA synthetases (Biou et al. 1994; Cusack et al. 1990), cytoskeletal and signal-transduction proteins, enzyme complexes, proteins involved in vesicular trafficking, viral coat proteins, and membrane proteins (Langosch and Heringa 1998). It is thus not surprising that coiled-coil motifs have gained great attention as potential targets for modulating protein-protein interactions implicated in a large number of diseases.

In this review, we will first discuss some fundamental functional and structural aspects of a simple and well-characterized representative of coiled-coil transcription factors (Sect. 1) before considering two more complex coiled coils found in scaffolding proteins involved in mitosis and meiosis and vesicular trafficking Sect. 2). This will set the stage for addressing the role of coiled coils in viral infection (Sect. 3) as well as strategies of interfering with such protein-protein interactions therapeutically (Sect. 4 and 5).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nanolytics, Gesellschaft für Kolloidanalytik mbH, Am Mühlenberg 11, 14476, Potsdam, Germany

    H. M. Strauss

  2. Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology FMP, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany

    S. Keller

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  1. Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany

    Enno Klussmann

  2. The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Medical Research Bldg, Rm 322D 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA

    John Scott Ph.D.

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Strauss, H.M., Keller, S. (2008). Pharmacological Interference with Protein-Protein Interactions Mediated by Coiled-Coil Motifs. In: Klussmann, E., Scott, J. (eds) Protein-Protein Interactions as New Drug Targets. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 186. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72843-6_19

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