Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

ILO maritime labour Conventions and Recommendations

  • Chapter
Maritime Work Law Fundamentals: Responsible Shipowners, Reliable Seafarers

Abstract

Both of the factors justifying the need for adoption of separate Conventions and Recommendations dealing with a specific group of workers, namely the unique conditions of their work and the necessity for their special protection, are fully applicable in the case of seafarers. This is primarily because, for seafarers, the ship is both a workplace and a home. Such a phenomenon is sometimes illustrated by the sociological concept of a “total institution“, defined as “a place of residence and work where a large number of like-situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time, together lead an enclosed formally administered round of life”.38 As a result, work on board ship at sea, without the possibility of going onshore for prolonged periods of time, requires the establishment of certain standards, such as crew accommodation, food and catering.39

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Erwin Goffman, Asylums: essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates xiii (Anchor Books, 1961).

    Google Scholar 

  2. See, also, Michael Bloor, Helen Sampson & Michelle Thomas, Shipboard Life and Work-II, in The global seafarer: Living and working conditions in a globalized industry 121–122 (Geneva, ILO, 2004).

    Google Scholar 

  3. See, also, Dmitri A. Pentsov, Seafarers, in ILO, International Labour Standards: A Global Approach 506–507 (ILO, Geneva, 2001), available at: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/norm/download/resources/globale.pdf (last visit 27 March 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  4. ILO: General principles for the inspection of the conditions of work of seamen, ILC, 9th Session, 1926, Questionnaire II 14–15 (ILO, Geneva, 1926).

    Google Scholar 

  5. See, also, Michael Bloor, Dmitri Pentsov, Michael Levi & Tom Horlick-Jones, Problems of Global Governance of Seafarers’ Health and Safety 23–26 (Seafarers International Research Centre, 2004), available at: http://www.sirc.cf.ac.uk/pdf/ProblemsGlobalGovernance.pdf (last visit 27 March 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  6. According to some estimates, 80 per cent of maritime casualties can be blamed on human error. See, e.g., Paul K. Chapman, Trouble on board: the plight of international seafarers 62 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  7. C. Battut, “Opinion on merchant seafarers working and employment conditions”, in ILO, The impact on seafarers’ living and working conditions of changes in the structure of the shipping Industry. Report for discussion at the 29th Session of the Joint Maritime Commission 100 (ILO, Geneva, 2001) (doc. JMC/29/2001/3), available at: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/techmeet/jmc01/jmc-r3.pdf (last visit 27 March 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  8. For example, the Norwegian Cancer Research Institute has found that mesothelioma deaths are six times more common among Norwegian ship engineers and engine ratings than among the general population. This is most probably a consequence of past asbestos exposure. See, ILO: The impact on seafarers’ living and working conditions of changes in the structure of the shipping industry, at 86.

    Google Scholar 

  9. See, e.g., International Commission on Shipping: Ships, Slaves and Competition 50–57 (2000); A.D. Couper, C.J. Walsh, B.A. Standberry and G.L. Boerne, Voyages of abuse 41–59 (Pluto Press, 1999); P.K. Chapman, op. cit., at 37–73; J. Stevenson, The London “Crimp” Riots of 1794, XVI International Review of Social History 40–58 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  10. The 2000 BIMCO/ISF study of the global supply of seafarers estimated that there are 404,000 officers and 823,000 ratings available, while the worldwide demand for seafarers is estimated to be 420,000 officers and 599,000 ratings. See, ILO: The impact on seafarers’ living and working conditions of changes in the structure of the shipping industry, at 33, quoting BIMCO/ISF: 2000 Manpower Update (University of Warwick, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cf., Nicolas Valticos & Geraldo von Potobsky, International Labour Law 228 (Kluwer, 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Report and Minutes of the Commission on International Labour Legislation, Peace Conference, Paris, 1919, 42 (Rome, Tipografia “Italia”, 1921).

    Google Scholar 

  13. ILO, Joint Maritime Commission (29th Session): Final Report. 28–29 (ILO, Geneva, 2001) (doc. JMC/29/2001/14), available at: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/techmeet/jmc01/jmcfr.pdf (last visit 27 March 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  14. ILO: Adoption of an instrument to consolidate maritime labour standards, Report I (1A), International Labour Conference, 94th (Maritime) Session, Geneva 7–23 February 2006, 4–5 (Geneva, 2006), available at: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/techmeet/jmc01/jmcfr.pdf (last visit 27 March 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  15. ILO: Adoption of an instrument to consolidate maritime labour standards, Report I (1A), at 4–5.

    Google Scholar 

  16. ILO: Adoption of an instrument to consolidate maritime labour standards, Report I (1A), at 1.

    Google Scholar 

  17. 314 votes in favor, 0 against and four abstentions (two governmental delegates of Lebanon and two governmental delegates of Venezuela, respectively). See, International Labour Conference, 94th (Maritime) Session, Provisional Record 17/17 (Geneva, 2006), available at: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc94/pr-17.pdf (last visit 27 March 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  18. See, New Zealand (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  19. See, Finland (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); France (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request); Netherlands (CEACR 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  20. See, Italy (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR 1993/66th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  21. See, Netherlands (CEACR, 1991/61st session, Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation;); New Zealand (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  22. See, Norway (CEACR 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR 2001/72nd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  23. See, Norway (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request). The Norwegian International Ship Register (NIS), established by Norway in 1987, was intended to offer a quality register, founded on all the existing international commitments of the Norwegian government and on its reputation as a responsible maritime power, under which certain cost and tax advantages could be obtained. While it was open to non-Norwegian owned and controlled shipping, it was aimed primarily at attracting back to Norway those Norwegian owners who had left the national flag during the previous years. See, e.g., Bruce Farthing and Mark Brownrigg, Farthing on International Shipping 189–190 (3rd ed., 1997); N.P. Ready, Ship Registration 29–31 (3rd ed., 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  24. See, Poland (CEACR 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Despite the absence of a generally recognized definition of this concept in literature, the countries of “flag of convenience” or, as they are also called, countries of “open registry”, are usually understood to be those countries that satisfy one or more of the following criteria, laid down by a British Committee of Inquiry in 1970 (the Rochdale Criteria): (i) it allows ownership or control of its merchant vessels by non-citizens; (ii) access to the registry is easy (a ship may usually be registered at a council’s office abroad), and transfer from the registry at the owner’s option is not restricted; (iii) taxes on the income from shipping are not levied locally or are low — a registry fee and an annual fee, based on tonnage are normally the only charges made (a guarantee or acceptable understanding regarding future freedom from taxation may also be given); (iv) the country of registry is a small power with no national requirement under any foreseeable circumstances for all the shipping registered, but receipts from very small charges on a large tonnage may produce a substantial effect on its national income and balance of payments; (v) manning of ships by nonnationals is freely permitted; and (v) the country of registry has neither the power nor the administrative machinery effectively to impose any government or international regulations; nor has the country the wish or the power to control the companies themselves. See, Committee of Inquiry into Shipping, London, H.M.S.O. 1970 Cmdn. 4337, 51 (the “Rochdale Report”). See, also, Appave D., Convention No. 147: Contents, Aspects of Ratification and Implementation Including the Inspection of Labour Conditions on Board Ship, in International Maritime Labour Standards for the Caribbean, Report of the ILO Regional Seminar, 9–13 December 1991 46–65 (1992); Argiroffo E., Flags of convenience and substandard vessels: A review of the ILO’s approach to the problem, 110 International Labour Review 439 (1974); Boleslav Adam Boczek, Flags of Convenience: An International Labour Study 1–26 (Harvard University Press, 1962); Rodney P. Carlisle, Sovereignty for Sale: the origins and evolution of the Panamanian and Liberian flags of convenience 1–19 (1981); Iliana Christodoulou Varotsi & Dmitri A. Pentsov, Labour Standards on Cypriot Ships: Myth and Reality, 37 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 649–652 (2004), available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=617942 (last visit 27 March 2007); International Commission on Shipping, Ships, Slaves and Competition 87–98 (2000); International Transport Workers’ Federation: Flags of Convenience: The ITF’s Campaign 24–25 (1993); Herbert R. Northrup & Richard L. Rovan, The International Transport Workers’ Federation and Flag of Convenience Shipping 55–94 (1983); Herbert R. Northrup & Peter B. Scrase, The International Transport Workers’ Federation Flag of Convenience campaign: 1983–1993, 23 Transportation Law Journal 369, 371–74 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Id., at 44. In a 1983 Memorandum by the International Labour Office in response to a request of the Government of the United States, it was indicated that Article 2(a) of the Convention requires a ratifying State to satisfy itself that the general goals laid down in the instruments included in the Appendix to Convention No. 147 are respected. On the other hand, national laws and regulations can be different in detail and, as the Government has correctly assumed [in its second question], it is not required that the ratifying State adhere to the precise terms of these instruments as long as their general goals are respected, except of course in so far as it has also ratified the Conventions concerned. See, ILO, Official Bulletin, Vol. LXVI, 1983, Series A, No. 3. pp. 144–145.

    Google Scholar 

  27. See, United States (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); United States (American Samoa) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request); United States (Guam) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request); United States (Puerto Rico) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th ses sion: Direct request); United States (United States Virgin Islands) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  28. See, Germany (CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  29. See, China (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); United Kingdom (Bermuda) (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  30. See, Ireland (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); United Kingdom (CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  31. See, United Kingdom (CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  32. See, Iraq (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEAR/CR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Lebanon (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  33. See, United Kingdom (Bermuda) (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  34. See, Azerbaijan (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  35. See, Italy (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  36. See, Japan (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request See also, General Survey, p. 32–33 (§§ 53–55).

    Google Scholar 

  37. See, Germany (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (Isle of Man) (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request). See also, General Survey, supra, note 80, at 125–128 (§§ 240–242).

    Google Scholar 

  38. See, Italy (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  39. See, Germany (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  40. See, Azerbaijan (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  41. See, Spain (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  42. See, United States (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); United States (American Samoa) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request); United States (Guam) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request); United States (Puerto Rico) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request); United States (United States Virgin Islands) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  43. See, Costa Rica (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request); Denmark (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request); Greece (EACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); India (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request); Morocco (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (Bermuda) (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); United States (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  44. See, Croatia (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Cyprus (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); France (French Southern and Antarctic Territories) (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Liberia (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (Bermuda) (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  45. See, Germany (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Italy (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  46. See, France (New Caledonia) (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  47. See, Liberia (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  48. See, France (French Southern and Antarctic Territories) (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request); France (New Caledonia) (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); Italy (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation); Morocco (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Romania (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  49. See, Lebanon (CACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Morocco (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Ukraine (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  50. See, China (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request); Costa Rica (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request); Cyprus (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Egypt (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Greece (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); India (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request); Israel (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request); Lebanon (CACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Liberia (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Poland (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request); Ukraine (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); United States (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Part A of the Supplementary Appendix includes the Accommodation of Crews (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1970 (No. 133) and the Seafarers’ Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships Convention, 1996 (No. 180).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Part B of the Supplementary Appendix includes the Seafarers’ Identity Documents Convention, 1958 (No. 108); the Workers’ Representatives Convention, 1971 (No. 135); the Health Protection and Medical Care (Seafarers) Convention, 1987 (No. 164); and the Repatriation of Seafarers Convention (Revised), 1987 (No. 166).

    Google Scholar 

  53. The_Appendix to Recommendation No. 155 lists the following instruments: the Officers’ Competency Certificates Convention, 1936 (No. 53); the Food and Catering (Ships’ Crews) Convention, 1946 (No. 68); the Accommodation of Crews (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1970 (No. 133); the Prevention of Accidents (Seafarers) Convention, 1970 (No. 134); the Workers’ Representatives Convention, 1971 (No. 135); the Paid Vacations (Seafarers) Convention (Revised), 1949 (No. 91); or the Seafarers’ Annual Leave Convention, 1976 (No. 146); the Social Security (Seafarers) Convention, 1946 (No. 70); the Vocational Training (Seafarers) Recommendation, 1970 (No. 137); and the IMCO/ILO Document for Guidance, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  54. See, Colombia (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  55. See, Guinea-Bissau (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  56. See, United Kingdom (Gibraltar) (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  57. See, Liberia (CEACR, 1993/63st session: Obsersation, 1994/64nd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  58. See, Liberia (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  59. See, France (French Southern and Antarctic Territories) (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  60. See, Lebanon (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Liberia (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation); United Republic of Tanzania (Zanzibar) (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request; CEACR 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Yemen (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  61. See, United Kingdom (Gibraltar) (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  62. See, Guatemala (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Peru (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request). It may be recalled that under Article 2(1) of Convention No. 138, each Member which ratifies this Convention shall specify, in a declaration appended to its ratification, a minimum age for admission to employment or work within its territory and on means of transport registered in its territory; subject to Articles 4 to 8 of this Convention, no one under that age shall be admitted to employment or work in any occupation. Furthermore, under Article 3(1) of Convention No. 138, the minimum age for admission to any type of employment or work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to jeopardize the health, safety or morals of young persons shall not be less than 18 years.

    Google Scholar 

  63. See, Jamaica (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  64. See, Guatemala (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  65. See, Bulgaria (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Chile (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Colombia (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Croatia (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Denmark (Faeroe Islands) (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request); Guatemala (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); India (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Ireland (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Italy (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Mexico (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Nicaragua (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Pakistan (CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Panama (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Romania (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Solomon Islands (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Trinidad and Tobago (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  66. See, Jamaica (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  67. For detailed recommendations with respect to content and conduct of the medical examination of seafarers, see, ILO, WHO: Guidelines for Conducting Pre-sea and Periodic Medical Fitness Examinations for Seafarers, ILO/WHO/D.2/1997, available at: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/techmeet/ilowho97/index.htm (last visit 27 March 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Convention No. 73 seems to emphasize, on the one hand, the possibility of an appeal against the first decision and, on the other hand, the fact that such appeal shall be heard by a doctor who is independent of any shipowner or any organization of shipowners or seafarers. The term “referee” used in this provision seems to relate essentially to the function exercised by the doctor in these circumstances. Thus, the provisions of the Convention would be complied with if the arrangements provide, in the case of a refusal of a certificate, for a further examination by an independent doctor, whether or not called a “medical referee”. See, Interpretation of a decision concerning Convention No. 73, Medical Examination (Seafarers), 1946, Japan, ILO: Official Bulletin, Vol. XXXVIII, 1955, No. 7, pp. 376–377.

    Google Scholar 

  69. See, Malta (CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  70. See, General Observation (CEACR, 1999/70th session); Algeria (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Australia (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Azerbaijan (CEACR, 2004.75th session: Direct request); Belgium (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Djibouti (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Egypt (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); France (French Southern and Antarctic Territories) (CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Ireland (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Japan (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Republic of Korea (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Luxembourg (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Malta (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request); Norway (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Peru (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Poland (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Portugal (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Sweden (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Tunisia (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  71. See, Azerbaijan (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); China (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Republic of Korea (CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Lebanon (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Panama (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request); Spain (CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  72. See, Lebanon (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  73. See, Australia (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Bulgaria (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Canada (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Egypt (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation); Lebanon (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Panama (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Tunisia (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  74. See, Spain (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  75. See, Ireland (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  76. See, Azerbaijan (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Djibouti (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Finland (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Republic of Korea (CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Lebanon (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Luxembourg (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001.72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Malta (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Panama (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request); Peru (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  77. Convention No. 53, Article 3(2). While the Convention itself does not define the term “force majeure,” some guidance with respect to its meaning can be drawn from the preparatory work. Analyzing the responses of various Governments to the previously submitted questionnaire, the 1931 preparatory report indicated that the draft convention should expressly provide for the possibility of exceptions in cases of the kind referred to by the French government (where, at the moment of sailing, a vessel is for some sudden and unforeseen cause deprived of the services of a certificated person already engaged and a certificated substitute is not available within sufficient time, or where, owing to illness or accident during the voyage, the duties of a certificated person have to be taken over for the time being by a person not possessing the requisite certificate). The report further indicated that there can hardly be any question of giving any enumeration of the cases which might be taken into account or of endeavoring to define them closely, and that in effect the cases contemplated can perhaps be reduced to what, in the conditions under which shipping is carried out, would amount to circumstances of force majeure and would generally be confined to circumstances arising after the voyage had begun. See ILO, The Minimum Requirement of Professional Capacity in the Case of Captains, Navigating and Engineer Officers in Charge of Watches on Board Merchant Ships, Report IV, 68–69, ILC 21st Sess. (1931). See, also, Iliana Christodoulou-Varotsi, Dmitri A. Pentsov, Labour Standards on Cypriot Ships: Myth and Reality, 37 Vand. J. Transnat’l L. 647, 662–671 (2004), available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=617942 (last visit 27 March 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  78. See, Brazil (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/68th session: Direct request); Denmark (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation); Denmark (Faeroe Islands) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request); France (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation;); France (French Guyana) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation); France (French Polynesia) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation); France (Guadeloupe) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation); France (Martinique) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation); France (Reunion) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation); France (St. Pierre and Miquelon) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation); Germany (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request); Ireland (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation); Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request); Mauritania (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation); Mexico (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request); Norway (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation); Panama (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation); Peru (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request); Slovenia (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Spain (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Observation). It appears that recently the stance of the Committee of Experts with respect to the possibility of granting exceptions in “exceptional cases” or under “emergency circumstances” has significantly relaxed. The most recent comments of the Committee of Experts no longer require the respective governments to bring the national legislation into conformity with the requirements of Article 3(2) of the Convention, but merely ask them to indicate in detail the number of cases in which exceptions have been granted and the circumstances in which such exceptions have been authorized (See, Italy (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Mauritania (CEACR, 2005, 76th session: Direct request)).

    Google Scholar 

  79. See, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  80. See, Mauritania (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  81. See, Croatia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Liberia (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request); Peru (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request), United States (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request); United States (American Samoa) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request); United States (Guam) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request); United States (Puerto Rico) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request); United States (United States Virgin Islands) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  82. See, Djibouti (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  83. See, United Kingdom (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  84. See, Norway (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  85. See, Netherlands (Aruba) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request); Netherlands (Netherlands Antilles) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  86. See, Norway (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  87. See, Norway (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  88. See, Guinea-Bissau (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  89. See, Croatia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Luxembourg (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Peru (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request); Portugal (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Russian Federation (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  90. See, United Kingdom (Isle of Man) (CEACR, 2001/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  91. See, Guinea-Bissau (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  92. See, Panama (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  93. See, Azerbaijan (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Greece (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  94. See, Indonesia (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request); Peru (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (Isle of Man) (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  95. See, Luxembourg (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request); Poland (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  96. See, Lebanon (CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  97. See, Guinea-Bissau (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  98. See, China (Macau Special Administrative Region) (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  99. See, Croatia (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Italy (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Malta (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Panama (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Portugal (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  100. See, Slovenia (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  101. See, Poland (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  102. See, France (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  103. See, Portugal (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  104. The Convention was also intended to eliminate the need for bilateral agreements such as those which have been adopted by some countries to overcome the difficulties described above. See, ILO: Record of Proceedings, ILC, 41st Session, 1959, Geneva, p. 246.

    Google Scholar 

  105. At the 41st (Maritime) Session of the Conference, paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 1 of the Convention were adopted unanimously on the understanding that the phrase “every seafarer who is engaged in any capacity on board a vessel” refers not only to crew members actually employed on board ship at any given time, but also to all persons who might be regarded as genuine seafarers within the definition laid down by the competent authority in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article. See, ILO, Record of Proceedings, 1959, p. 246.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Convention No. 108, Article 1(2). See, also, Interpretation of a decision concerning the Seafarers’ Identity Documents Convention, 1958 (No. 108), at the request of the Ministry of Labour of the United Kingdom, ILO: Official Bulletin, Vol. XLVI, 1963, No. 3. pp. 466–467.

    Google Scholar 

  107. See, Sri Lanka (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  108. See, Azerbaijan (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  109. See, Poland (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation); Russian Federation (CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  110. See, Sri Lanka (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  111. See, Ghana (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  112. See, Mauritius (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Observation); Seychelles (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  113. See, Latvia (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  114. See, Lithuania (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); Romania (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  115. See, Angola (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request); Latvia (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Romania (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request); Russian Federation (CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Observation); Sri Lanka (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); United Kingdom (St. Helena) (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  116. See, Cuba (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  117. See, Mauritius (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  118. See, Algeria (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/71st session: Direct request); Barbados (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation); Canada (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request); Djibouti (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request: CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request: CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request: CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Guinea-Bissau (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Honduras (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Iceland (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Iraq (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Lithuania (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); Luxembourg (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation); Mauritius (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request); Portugal (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Romania (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request); Seychelles (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Sri Lanka (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); United Kingdom (St. Helena) (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Uruguay (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  119. See, Bulgaria (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  120. See, Iceland (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  121. See, Greece (CEACR, 1990/70th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  122. See, Greece (CEACR, 1990/70th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  123. See, Bulgaria (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Morocco (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  124. See, Liberia (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation: CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  125. See, Algeria (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  126. See, Belarus (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); Brazil (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Latvia (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); St. Vincent and the Grenadines (CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Tunisia (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request); Ukraine (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); United Republic of Tanzania (Tanganyika) (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  127. See, Poland (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  128. See, Czech Republic (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); Estonia (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Lithuania (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); Morocco (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  129. See, Poland (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  130. See, Latvia (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  131. See, Luxembourg (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  132. See, Barbados (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  133. See, Bulgaria (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request); Colombia (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Observation: CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Germany (CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Latvia (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Luxembourg (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request); Nicaragua (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request); Panama (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request); Romania (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Slovenia (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  134. See, Netherlands (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request); Spain (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  135. See, Egypt (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  136. See, Croatia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Panama (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request); Poland (CACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Romania (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Slovenia (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  137. See, Estonia (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Mexico (CACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  138. See, Nicaragua (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  139. See, Estonia (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request); Lebanon (CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Nicaragua (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Luxembourg (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request); Slovenia (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  140. See, Cameroon (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  141. See, Cameroon (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Colombia (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Estonia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Germany (CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request); Latvia (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Lebanon (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Mexico (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation); Romania (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  142. See, Argentina (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Chile (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Colombia (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation); Estonia (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Lebanon (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Nicaragua (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Romania (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Uruguay (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  143. See, Argentina (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation); Croatia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Egypt (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation); New Zealand (CEAR, 2006/77th session: Observation); Nicaragua (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  144. See, Argentina (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Lebanon (CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  145. See, Chile (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation); France (French Polynesia) (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request); Slovenia (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  146. See, Argentina (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Chile (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Croatia (CACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Mexico (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation); Poland (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  147. See, Argentina (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Cameroon (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2000/71st session; Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Chile (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63d session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Colombia (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation); Denmark (Faeroe Islands) (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request); Djibouti (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation); Egypt (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation); Italy (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Latvia (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); Lebanon (CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request); Mexico (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation); Nicaragua (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; EACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Norway (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); Panama (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); Poland (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request); Romania (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request); Uruguay (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  148. See, Uruguay (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  149. See, Mexico (CACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  150. See, Greece (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation); Lebanon (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  151. Convention No. 179, Article 2(2). See, also, ILO: Revision of the Placing of Seamen Convention, 1920 (No. 9). Report III, Tripartite Meeting on Maritime Labour Standards, Geneva, 1994, p. 31; Resolution concerning the recruitment of seafarers and the regulation of fee-charging employment agencies, adopted at the 74th (Maritime) Session of the International Labour Conference in 1987. ILO: Record of Proceedings. ILC, 74th (Maritime) Session, Geneva, 1987, pp. 16/24 and 25.

    Google Scholar 

  152. See, Philippines (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Russian Federation (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  153. See, Finland (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  154. See, Russian Federation (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request). The description of the system itself could be found in: Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation: System of voluntary certification of recruitment and placement services for seafarers on ships under a foreign flag, approved

    Google Scholar 

  155. Convention No. 22, Article 5(2). The reasoning behind the inclusion of this provision into the text of the Convention was that the seaman shall be able to use the document containing a record of his employment on board the vessel to help him in obtaining further employment, and, therefore, it should be made impossible for the master of the ship to make a damaging entry in the seaman’s record of service. See, Report of the Committee on seamen’s articles of agreement. //ILC: 9th Session. Record of Proceedings. ILO, Geneva, 1926. p. 305.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Interpretation of a decision concerning Convention No. 22, Seamen’s Articles of Agreement, 1926, Japan//ILO, Official Bulletin, Vol. XXXVIII, 1955, No. 7, pp. 374–375.

    Google Scholar 

  157. ILC: 9th Session. Record of Proceedings. ILO, Geneva, 1926. p. 524.

    Google Scholar 

  158. See, Chile (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation) (referring to sections 182 and 186 of the 1990 General Survey on Convention No. 147).

    Google Scholar 

  159. See, Colombia (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation); Poland (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  160. See, New Zealand (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  161. See, Norway (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR; 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  162. See, France (French Polynesia) (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Poland (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Romania (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  163. See, Bulgaria (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); China (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Poland (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  164. See, India (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  165. See, Liberia (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session; Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  166. See, Poland (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  167. See, Cuba (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Estonia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Iraq (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Spain (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  168. See, Argentina (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Nicaragua (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  169. See, Colombia (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation); Cuba (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Egypt (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Pakistan (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Panama (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Peru (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CAC, 1995/66th session: Observation); Romania (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  170. See, Egypt (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  171. See, Mexico (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation); France (French Southern and Antarctic Territories) (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  172. See, Egypt (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 20054/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  173. See, Mexico (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Observation); Portugal (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  174. See, Colombia (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Estonia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); France (French Southern and Antarctic Territories) (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request); Romania (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Spain (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  175. See, Cuba (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  176. See, Colombia (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  177. See, Egypt (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  178. See, Estonia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  179. See, India (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  180. See, India (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  181. See, India (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  182. See, Argentina (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Bulgaria (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  183. See, Argentina (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  184. See, Cuba (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); France (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); France (Guadeloupe) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); France (Martinique) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); France (Reunion) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); France (St. Pierre and Miquelon) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Mauritania (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/71st session: Direct request); Panama (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation); Tunisia (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation); Uruguay (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request); Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  185. See, Portugal (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  186. See, Chile (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  187. See, Mexico (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Observation; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Observation; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  188. See, France (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation); France (Guadeloupe) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); France (Martinique) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); France (New Caledonia) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation); France (Reunion) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); France (St. Pierre and Miquelon) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  189. See, Djibouti (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  190. See, Cuba (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  191. See, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  192. See, China (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  193. See, France (French Guyana) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); France (French Southern and Antarctic Territories) (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request); Liberia (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session; Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation); Nicaragua (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  194. See, Cuba (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  195. See, Luxembourg (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); France (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  196. See, Egypt (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  197. See, Ghana (CACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); New Zealand (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  198. See, China (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); United Kingdom (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (Isle of Man) (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  199. See, Chile (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation); Ghana (CACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); India (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); New Zealand (CEACR, 2000/71st session; Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation); Nicaragua (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Papua New Guinea (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Romania (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Singapore (CEACR, 2001/76th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (Isle of Man) (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  200. See, Chile (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  201. See, New Zealand (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  202. Convention No. 180, Article 8(2). The guidelines themselves can be found in IMO/ILO Guidelines for the Development of Tables of Seafarers’ Shipboard Working Arrangements and Formats of Records of Seafarers’ Hours of Work or Hours of Rest. IMO/ILO, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  203. See, Malta (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  204. See, Bulgaria (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  205. See, Finland (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  206. See, Finland (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  207. See, France (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Greece (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Netherlands (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (Isle of Man) (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  208. See, Finland (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  209. See, Finland (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  210. See, Greece (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  211. See, United Kingdom (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  212. See, France (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  213. See, Bulgaria (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  214. See, Finland (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  215. See, Finland (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  216. See, France (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  217. See, United Kingdom (Isle of Man) (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  218. See, Finland (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  219. See, Greece (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  220. See, Greece (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  221. See, Finland (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  222. See, United Kingdom (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  223. See, Malta (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  224. See, Greece (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  225. Recommendation No. 187, section 10. At its meeting in Geneva on February 24, 2006, the Joint Maritime Commission’s Subcommittee on Wages of Seafarers adopted a resolution which updates the ILO minimum basic wage for able seafarers from its present value of US$ 500 to US$ 515 on January 1, 2007, US$ 530 on January 1, 2008, and US$ 545 on December 31, 2008. The Governing Body at its 294th (March 2006) Session endorsed these increases in the wage figure. See, ILO: Subcommittee of the Joint Maritime Commission, Final report, Geneva 24–25 February 2006, SJMC/2006/3 (Geneva, 2006), available at: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/techmeet/sjmc06/sjmc06-3.pdf; and http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/gb/docs/gb295/pdf/stm-3-4-2.pdf (last visited March 27, 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  226. See, Tunisia (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  227. See, Brazil (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  228. See, Angola (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); Brazil (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation); Poland (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); Tunisia (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  229. See, Algeria (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session; Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  230. See, Algeria (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session; Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Croatia (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request); Tunisia (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  231. See, Poland (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  232. See, Norway (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  233. See, Brazil (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  234. See, Algeria (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  235. See, Israel (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  236. See, Iraq (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  237. See, Kenya (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  238. See, France (French Southern and Antarctic Territories) (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  239. See, Nicaragua (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request;); Portugal (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  240. See, Brazil (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  241. See, France (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request); France (French Guyana) (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request); France (Guadeloupe) (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request); France (Martinique) (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request); France (Reunion) (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request); France (St. Pierre and Miquelon) (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  242. See, Finland (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request); Kenya (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  243. See, Italy (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  244. See, Italy (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  245. See, Brazil (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  246. See, Italy (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  247. See, Morocco (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  248. See, Cameroon (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  249. See, Egypt (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  250. See, Cyprus (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  251. See, Ireland (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  252. See, China (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  253. See, Djibouti (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Estonia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  254. See, Azerbaijan (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Estonia (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  255. See, China (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  256. See, Djibouti (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); Ukraine (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  257. See, Italy (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  258. See, Ireland (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  259. See, Philippines (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  260. See, Djibouti (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  261. See, France (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); France (French Guyana) (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); France (French Southern and Antarctic Territories) (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); France (Guadeloupe) (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); France (Martinique) (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); France (Reunion) (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); France (St. Pierre and Miquelon) (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  262. See, Iraq (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  263. See, Guyana (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  264. See, Romania (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  265. See, Mexico (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  266. See, Spain (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  267. See, Mexico (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation); Romania (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Spain (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  268. See, Spain (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  269. See, Romania (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  270. See, Guyana (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Luxembourg (CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request); Mexico (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation); Spain (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  271. See, Romania (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Spain (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  272. See, Mexico (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  273. See, Mexico (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  274. See, Mexico (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  275. See, Australia (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request); Romania (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  276. See, Luxembourg (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  277. See, Egypt (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Poland (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (Isle of Man) (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  278. See, Peru (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  279. See, Luxembourg (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  280. See, Luxembourg (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Panama (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request); Peru (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation); Romania (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  281. See, Argentina (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Italy (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  282. See, United Kingdom (Isle of Man) (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  283. See, France (French Southern and Antarctic Territories) (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  284. See, Peru (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  285. See, Luxembourg (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); United Kingdom (Isle of Man) (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  286. See, Bulgaria (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Peru (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request); Romania (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  287. See, Algeria (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation); Bulgaria (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Egypt (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request); France (French Southern and Antarctic Territories) (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Greece (CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request); Luxembourg (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); New Zealand (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request); Norway (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request); Panama (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation); Peru (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Poland (CEACR 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Portugal (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request;); Spain (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  288. See, Egypt (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Norway (CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request); Panama (CEACR, 1990/90th session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation); Portugal (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Romania (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  289. See, Costa-Rica (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session; Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session; Observation; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation); Nigeria (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  290. See, Brazil (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Egypt (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEAC, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Finland (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Kenya (CACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); Russian Federation (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  291. See, United Republic of Tanzania (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  292. See, Kenya (CACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  293. See, Mexico (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  294. See, New Zealand (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request); Russian Federation (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request); Spain (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); United Republic of Tanzania (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  295. See, Costa-Rica (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session; Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session; Observation; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation); Egypt (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEAC, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Italy (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Kenya (CACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); Mexico (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session; Direct request); Nigeria (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); United Republic of Tanzania (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation); Uruguay (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  296. See, France 9CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation); France (French Southern and Antarctic Territories) (CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation); Kenya (CACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); New Zealand (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request); Russian Federation (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request); United Republic of Tanzania (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  297. See, France 9CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation); France (French Southern and Antarctic Territories) (CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation); Kenya (CACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  298. Egypt (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEAC, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Kenya (CACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  299. See, Brazil (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  300. See, Nigeria (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); United Republic of Tanzania (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  301. See, Slovakia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  302. See, Slovakia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  303. See, Slovakia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  304. See, Mexico (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Slovakia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  305. See, Finland (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request); Germany (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Hungary (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request); Norway (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  306. See, Norway (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  307. See, Germany (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Hungary (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request); Slovakia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  308. See, Germany (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Hungary (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request); Slovakia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  309. See, Slovakia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  310. See, Mexico (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  311. See, Norway (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  312. See, Hungary (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request); Mexico (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request); Norway (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  313. See, Mexico (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  314. See, Finland (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request); Mexico (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request); Norway (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Slovakia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Spain (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request); Sweden (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  315. See, Hungary (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  316. See, Slovakia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  317. See, Spain (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  318. See, Hungary (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request); Slovakia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Spain (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  319. See, Australia (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  320. See, United Kingdom (Isle of Man) (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  321. See, Algeria (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Brazil (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Cyprus (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Egypt (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation); Iraq (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation); Italy (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Liberia (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation); Luxembourg (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); Panama (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session; Observation; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Observation); Spain (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  322. See, Romania (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  323. See, Panama (CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  324. See, United Kingdom (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  325. See, Israel (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request); Portugal (CEACR, 1993/63rd session; Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); United Kingdom (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (Isle of Man) (CEACR. 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  326. See, Greece (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  327. See, Greece (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  328. See, China (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request); Poland (CACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  329. See, France (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); France (French Guyana) (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); France (Guadeloupe) (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); France (Martinique) (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); France (Reunion) (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  330. See, France (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); France (French Guyana) (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); France (Guadeloupe) (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); France (Martinique) (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); France (Reunion) (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  331. See, Azerbaijan (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); Russian Federation (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  332. See, France (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); France (French Guyana) (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); France (Guadeloupe) (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); France (Martinique) (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); France (Reunion) (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  333. See, Russian Federation (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  334. ILO: Record of proceedings, ILC, 55th (Maritime) Session 171 (Geneva, ILO, 1970).

    Google Scholar 

  335. Convention No. 133, Article 3. Countries which have ratified Convention No. 92 could also ratify Convention No. 133, and other countries would have the choice of ratifying either one or the other or both of these Conventions. If a country ratifies only Convention No. 92, it is clearly not bound by the provisions of Convention No. 133. A country which ratifies both Conventions has to comply with the relevant provisions of both instruments, while a country which ratifies only the supplementary Convention is, by virtue of Article 3 of that Convention, also required to comply with the relevant substantive provisions of Convention No. 92 in respect of ships to which Convention No. 133 applies. See, ILO: Record of proceedings, ILC, 55th (Maritime) Session 171 (Geneva, ILO, 1970).

    Google Scholar 

  336. See, Liberia (CEACR, 2003/74th session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  337. see, Brazil (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Côte d’Ivoire (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Italy (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Romania (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (Gibraltar) (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Uruguay (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  338. see, Greece (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  339. see, Greece (CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  340. see, Guinea (CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  341. see, Nigeria (CACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  342. see, Poland (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  343. see, Greece (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request); Sweden (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  344. see, Azerbaijan (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request); Russian Federation (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request); Ukraine (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session; Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  345. see, Australia (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  346. see, Poland (CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  347. see, Brazil (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  348. see, Australia (CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Croatia (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request); Fiji (CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Panama (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation); Papua New Guinea (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005, 76th session: Direct request); Singapore (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Solomon Islands (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Tunisia (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  349. See, Costa Rica (CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request); Croatia (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Denmark (Faeroe Islands) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request); Fiji (CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Ghana (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Latvia (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Nicaragua (CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Santa Lucia (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Seychelles (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Singapore (CEACR, 1996/65th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  350. see, Iraq (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation); Luxembourg (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request); Norway (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995, 66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  351. see, Iraq (CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/71st session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation); France (French Southern and Antarctic Territories) (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004, 75th session: Observation); Nicaragua (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Poland (CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998, 69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000, 71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Seychelles (CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  352. see, Iraq (CEACR, 1991, 61st session: Observation); Solomon Islands (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Spain (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  353. see, Bosnia and Herzegovina (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Dominica (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Estonia (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request); Spain (CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  354. See, China (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation;); Dominica (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request); Jamaica (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation;); Lebanon (CEACR 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Mauritius (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation); Papua New Guinea (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Portugal (CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Saint Lucia (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Seychelles (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Sierra Leone (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR 2003/74th session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation); Singapore (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (Anguilla) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation); United Kingdom (British Virgin Islands) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); United Kingdom (Falkland Islands (Malvinas) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation); United Kingdom (Montserrat) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005, 76th session: Observation; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation); United Kingdom (St. Helena) (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation). The origins of the formula according to which a seaman could lose his wages in cases of wreck or loss of the ship where it could be shown that he did not exert himself to the utmost to save the vessel, its cargo and stores could be traced to section 183 of the United Kingdom Merchant Shipping Act of 1854 and section 157 of the United Kingdom Merchant Shipping Act of 1894. See, Jonathan S. Kitchen, The Employment of Merchant Seamen 433–436 (Croom Helm, London, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  355. see, Bulgaria (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Liberia (CEACR 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR 2000/71st session: Observation; CEACR 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR 2003/74th session: Observation; CEACR 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR 2005/76th session: Observation; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation;); Panama (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  356. see, Djibouti (CEACR 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1996/67th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Peru (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Observation; CEACR 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR. 2002/73rd session: Observation;).

    Google Scholar 

  357. see, Panama (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  358. see, Panama (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  359. see, Liberia (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation; CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1993/63rd session: Observation; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Observation; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/70th session: Observation; CEACR 2000/71st session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR 2003/74th session: Observation; CEACR 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation; CEACR, 2006/77th session: Observation); Luxembourg (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  360. see, Bulgaria (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Panama (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Spain (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  361. see, Spain (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  362. see, Panama (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  363. See, United States of America (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); United States of America (American Samoa) (CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request); United States of America (Guam) (CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request); United States of America (Puerto Rico) (CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request); United States of America (United States Virgin Islands) (CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  364. see, Egypt (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation); Spain (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  365. See, Djibouti (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/71st session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Peru (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/71st session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation;).

    Google Scholar 

  366. See, Panama (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  367. See, Slovenia (CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  368. See, Panama (CEACR, 1995/66th session: Observation; CEACR, 1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Observation); Peru (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Observation; CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  369. See, United Kingdom (Guernsey) (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request (with reference also to Article 3, paragraph 3(b), of the Sickness Insurance (Industry) Convention, 1927 (No. 24); CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request (with the same reference)).

    Google Scholar 

  370. See, Peru (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  371. See, Egypt (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  372. See, Algeria (CEACR, 1992/62nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  373. See, Egypt (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/66th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Direct request); Peru (1998/69th session: Observation; CEACR, 1999/71st session: Observation; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Observation; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Observation; CEACR, 2004/75th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  374. See, Croatia (CEACR, 1998/69th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  375. See, Lebanon (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request; CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request); Peru (CEACR, 2001/72nd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  376. See, Greece (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request; CEACR, 1994/64th session: Direct request; CEACR, 1995/65th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  377. See, Panama (CEACR, 1991/61st session: Direct request); Peru (CEACR, 1990/60th session: Observation).

    Google Scholar 

  378. See, Hungary (CEACR, 2000/71st session: Direct request; CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request; CEACR, 2003/74th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  379. See, Spain (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  380. See, Spain (CEACR, 1997/68th session: Direct request) (with reference to Hungarian nationals employed on vessels sailing under the Spanish flag).

    Google Scholar 

  381. See, Morocco (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  382. See, United Kingdom (Isle of Man) (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  383. See, Norway (CEACR, 2002/73rd session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  384. See, Morocco (CEACR, 2005/76th session: Direct request).

    Google Scholar 

  385. MLC, 2006, Article II, paragraph 1(f).

    Google Scholar 

  386. MLC, 2006, Article II, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  387. MLC, 2006, Article II, paragraph 4. For the purposes of the Convention, the term “ship” means a ship other than one which navigates exclusively in inland waters within, or closely adjacent to, sheltered waters or areas where port regulations apply. See, MLC, 2006, Article II, paragraph 1(i).

    Google Scholar 

  388. MLC, 2006, Article II, paragraph 4.

    Google Scholar 

  389. See, ILO: Proposed consolidated maritime labour Convention: Frequently asked questions. International Labour Conference, 94th (Maritime) Session, Geneva 7–23 February 2006, 4–5 (Geneva, 2006), available at: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/papers/maritime/consolfaq.pdf (last visited March 27, 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  390. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.1.3, paragraph 1(a).

    Google Scholar 

  391. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.1.3, paragraph 1(b).

    Google Scholar 

  392. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.1.3, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  393. MLC, 2006, Explanatory Note to the Regulations and Code of the Maritime Labour Convention, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  394. MLC, 2006, Explanatory Note, paragraph 3.

    Google Scholar 

  395. MLC, 2006, Explanatory Note, paragraph 4.

    Google Scholar 

  396. MLC, 2006, Explanatory Note, paragraph 6.

    Google Scholar 

  397. MLC, 2006, Explanatory Note, paragraph 8.

    Google Scholar 

  398. MLC, 2006, Explanatory Note, paragraph 9.

    Google Scholar 

  399. MLC, 2006, Article VI, paragraph 3.

    Google Scholar 

  400. MLC, 2006, Article VI, paragraph 4.

    Google Scholar 

  401. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.1, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  402. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.1, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  403. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.1, paragraph 4.

    Google Scholar 

  404. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.2, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  405. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.2, paragraph 4.

    Google Scholar 

  406. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.2, paragraph 6.

    Google Scholar 

  407. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.2, paragraph 7.

    Google Scholar 

  408. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.2, paragraph 8.

    Google Scholar 

  409. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.2, paragraph 7.

    Google Scholar 

  410. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.3, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  411. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.3, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  412. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.3, paragraph 3.

    Google Scholar 

  413. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.4, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  414. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.4, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  415. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.4, paragraph 5.

    Google Scholar 

  416. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.4, paragraph 6.

    Google Scholar 

  417. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.4, paragraph 6.

    Google Scholar 

  418. MLC, 2006, Standard A1.4, paragraph 9.

    Google Scholar 

  419. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.1, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  420. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.1, paragraph 4.

    Google Scholar 

  421. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.1, paragraph 1(d).

    Google Scholar 

  422. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.1, paragraph 1(e).

    Google Scholar 

  423. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.1, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  424. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.1, paragraphs 4(h), 4(i) and 4(j).

    Google Scholar 

  425. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.1, paragraph 5.

    Google Scholar 

  426. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.2, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  427. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.2, paragraphs 3 and 4.

    Google Scholar 

  428. MLC, 2006, Guideline B2.2.2.

    Google Scholar 

  429. MLC, 2006, Guideline 2.2.3.

    Google Scholar 

  430. MLC, 2006, Guideline 2.2.4.

    Google Scholar 

  431. MLC, 2006, Guideline 2.2.4, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  432. ILO: Adoption of an instrument to consolidate maritime labour standards, Report I (1A), at 36.

    Google Scholar 

  433. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.3, paragraph 5.

    Google Scholar 

  434. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.3, paragraph 6.

    Google Scholar 

  435. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.4, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  436. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.4, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  437. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.4, paragraph 3.

    Google Scholar 

  438. MLC, 2006, Guideline B2.4.1.

    Google Scholar 

  439. MLC, 2006, Guideline B2.4.2.

    Google Scholar 

  440. MLC, 2006, Guideline B2.4.3.

    Google Scholar 

  441. MLC, 2006, Guideline B2.4.4.

    Google Scholar 

  442. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.4, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  443. ILO: Adoption of an instrument to consolidate maritime labour standards, Report I (1A), at 37.

    Google Scholar 

  444. MLC, 2006, Standard A.2.5, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  445. MLC, 2006, Regulation 2.5, paragraph 5.

    Google Scholar 

  446. MLC, 2006, Regulation 2.5, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  447. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.5, paragraph 1(b)(ii).

    Google Scholar 

  448. MLC, 2006, Guideline B2.5, paragraph 3. See, ILO: Adoption of an instrument to consolidate maritime labour standards, Report I (1A), at 37.

    Google Scholar 

  449. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.6, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  450. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.6, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  451. MLC, 2006, Convention No. 8, Article 2, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  452. MLC, 2006, Guideline B.2.6.1, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  453. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.7, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  454. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.7, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  455. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.7, paragraph 3.

    Google Scholar 

  456. MLC, 2006, Standard A.2.8, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  457. MLC, 2006, Standard A.2.8, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  458. MLC, 2006, Standard A.2.8, paragraph 3.

    Google Scholar 

  459. MLC, 2006, Standard A2.8, paragraphs 1 and 2.

    Google Scholar 

  460. ILO: Adoption of an instrument to consolidate maritime labour standards, Report I (1A), at 38.

    Google Scholar 

  461. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.1, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  462. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.1, paragraph 6.

    Google Scholar 

  463. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.1, paragraph 7.

    Google Scholar 

  464. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.1, paragraph 8.

    Google Scholar 

  465. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.1, paragraph 9.

    Google Scholar 

  466. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.1, paragraph 10.

    Google Scholar 

  467. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.1, paragraph 11.

    Google Scholar 

  468. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.1, paragraph 12.

    Google Scholar 

  469. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.1, paragraph 13.

    Google Scholar 

  470. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.1, paragraph 14.

    Google Scholar 

  471. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.1, paragraph 15.

    Google Scholar 

  472. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.1, paragraph 16.

    Google Scholar 

  473. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.1, paragraph 17.

    Google Scholar 

  474. MLC, 2006, Guideline B3.1.1.

    Google Scholar 

  475. MLC, 2006, Guideline B3.1.2.

    Google Scholar 

  476. MLC, 2006, Guideline B3.1.3.

    Google Scholar 

  477. MLC, 2006, Guideline B3.1.4.

    Google Scholar 

  478. MLC, 2006, Guideline B3.1.5.

    Google Scholar 

  479. MLC, 2006, Guideline B3.1.6.

    Google Scholar 

  480. MLC, 2006, Guideline B3.1.7.

    Google Scholar 

  481. MLC, 2006, Guideline B3.1.8.

    Google Scholar 

  482. MLC, 2006, Guideline B3.1.9.

    Google Scholar 

  483. MLC, 2006, Guideline B3.1.10.

    Google Scholar 

  484. MLC, 2006, Guideline B3.1.11.

    Google Scholar 

  485. MLC, 2006, Guideline B3.1.12.

    Google Scholar 

  486. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.1, paragraph 6(a).

    Google Scholar 

  487. MLC, 2006, Standard A.3.1, paragraph 9(f).

    Google Scholar 

  488. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.1, paragraph 10; Guideline B3.1.6, paragraph 1

    Google Scholar 

  489. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.2, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  490. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.2, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  491. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.2, paragraph 3.

    Google Scholar 

  492. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.2, paragraph 8.

    Google Scholar 

  493. MLC, 2006, Regulation 3.2, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  494. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.2, paragraph 2(a).

    Google Scholar 

  495. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.2, paragraph 6.

    Google Scholar 

  496. MLC, 2006, Standard A3.2, paragraph 8.

    Google Scholar 

  497. MLC, 2006, Regulation 4.1, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  498. MLC, 2006, Regulation 4.1, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  499. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.1, paragraph 3.

    Google Scholar 

  500. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.1, paragraph 4.

    Google Scholar 

  501. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.1.1.

    Google Scholar 

  502. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.1.2.

    Google Scholar 

  503. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.1.3.

    Google Scholar 

  504. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.1.4.

    Google Scholar 

  505. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.1.5.

    Google Scholar 

  506. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.2, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  507. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.2, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  508. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.2, paragraph 3.

    Google Scholar 

  509. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.2, paragraph 4.

    Google Scholar 

  510. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.2, paragraph 5.

    Google Scholar 

  511. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.2, paragraph 6.

    Google Scholar 

  512. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.2, paragraph 1(b).

    Google Scholar 

  513. MLC, 2006, Regulation 4.3, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  514. MLC, 2006, Regulation 4.3, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  515. MLC, 2006, Regulation 4.3, paragraph 3.

    Google Scholar 

  516. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.3, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  517. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.3.1.

    Google Scholar 

  518. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.3.2.

    Google Scholar 

  519. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.3.3.

    Google Scholar 

  520. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.3.4.

    Google Scholar 

  521. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.3.5.

    Google Scholar 

  522. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.3.6.

    Google Scholar 

  523. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.3.7.

    Google Scholar 

  524. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.3.8.

    Google Scholar 

  525. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.3.9.

    Google Scholar 

  526. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.3.10.

    Google Scholar 

  527. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.3.11.

    Google Scholar 

  528. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.3, paragraph 1(a).

    Google Scholar 

  529. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.3, paragraph 2(o).

    Google Scholar 

  530. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.3, paragraph 2(p).

    Google Scholar 

  531. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.3, paragraph 2(q).

    Google Scholar 

  532. MLC, 2006, Regulation 4.4, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  533. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.4, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  534. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.4, paragraph 3.

    Google Scholar 

  535. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.4.1.

    Google Scholar 

  536. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.4.2.

    Google Scholar 

  537. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.4.3.

    Google Scholar 

  538. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.4.4.

    Google Scholar 

  539. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.4.5.

    Google Scholar 

  540. MLC, 2006, Guideline B4.4.6.

    Google Scholar 

  541. MLC, 2006, Regulation 4.4, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  542. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.4, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  543. MLC, 2006, Regulation 4.5, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  544. MLC, 2006, Regulation 4.5, paragraph 3.

    Google Scholar 

  545. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.5, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  546. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.5, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  547. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.5, paragraph 3.

    Google Scholar 

  548. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.5, paragraph 4.

    Google Scholar 

  549. MLC, 2006, Standard A4.5, paragraph 5.

    Google Scholar 

  550. MLC, 2006, Regulation 4.5, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  551. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.1.1, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  552. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.1.1, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  553. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.1.1, paragraph 3.

    Google Scholar 

  554. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.1.1, paragraph 3.

    Google Scholar 

  555. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.1.3, paragraphs 1 and 2.

    Google Scholar 

  556. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.1.3, paragraph 3.

    Google Scholar 

  557. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.1.3, paragraph 4.

    Google Scholar 

  558. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.1.1, paragraph 4. The term “prima facie evidence” is a legal term that has been defined as “evidence which is sufficient to establish a fact in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, but is not conclusive”. See, ILO: Adoption of an instrument to consolidate maritime labour standards, Report I (1A), at 54.

    Google Scholar 

  559. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.1.5, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  560. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.1.6, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  561. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.1.6, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  562. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.1.3.

    Google Scholar 

  563. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.1.4, paragraph 4.

    Google Scholar 

  564. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.2.1, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  565. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.2.1, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  566. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.2.1, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  567. MLC, 2006, Standard A5.2.1, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  568. MLC, 2006, Standard A5.2.1, paragraph 6.

    Google Scholar 

  569. MLC, 2006, Standard A5.2.1, paragraph 8.

    Google Scholar 

  570. MLC, 2006, Regulation A5.2.2.

    Google Scholar 

  571. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.2.1, paragraph 2.

    Google Scholar 

  572. MLC, 2006, Standard A.5.2.1, paragraph 6.

    Google Scholar 

  573. MLC, 2006, Regulation 5.3, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  574. MLC, 2006, Standard A5.3, paragraph 1.

    Google Scholar 

  575. Seafarers: introductory remarks (CEACR, 2006/77th session).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2008). ILO maritime labour Conventions and Recommendations. In: Maritime Work Law Fundamentals: Responsible Shipowners, Reliable Seafarers. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72751-4_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation