Skip to main content

Value–at–Risk Models

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

In this chapter, we build first a univariate and then a multivariate filtered historical simulation (FHS) model for financial risk management. Both the univariate and multivariate methods simulate future returns from a model using historical return innovations. While the former relies on portfolio returns filtered by a dynamic variance model, the latter uses individual or base asset return innovations from dynamic variance and correlation models. The univariate model is suitable for passive risk management or risk measurement whereas the multivariate model is useful for active risk management such as optimal portfolio allocation. Both models are constructed in such a way as to capture the stylized facts in daily asset returns and to be simple to estimate. The FHS approach enables the risk manager to easily compute Value-at-Risk and other risk measures including Expected Shortfall for various investment horizons that are conditional on current market conditions. The chapter also lists various alternatives to the suggested FHS approach.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   349.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Andersen, T.G., Bollerslev, T., Christoffersen, P. and Diebold, F.X. (2006a): Volatility and Correlation Forecasting. In: Elliott, G., Granger, C. and Timmermann, A. (Eds.): Handbook of Economic Forecasting. North-Holland, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, T.G., Bollerslev, T., Christoffersen, P. and Diebold, F.X. (2006b): Practical Volatility and Correlation Modeling for Financial Market Risk Management. In: Carey, M. and Stulz, R. (Eds.): The Risks of Financial Institutions. University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barone-Adesi, G., Bourgoin, F. and Giannopoulos, K. (1998): Don't Look Back. Risk 11, 100–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauwens, L., Laurent, S. and Rombouts, J. (2006): Multivariate GARCH Models: a Survey. Journal of Applied Econometrics 21, 79–109.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Bodoukh, J., Richardson, M., and Whitelaw, R. (1998): The Best of Both Worlds. Risk 11, 64–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollerslev, T. (1986): Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity. Journal of Econometrics 31, 307–327.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Bollerslev, T. (1987): A Conditionally Heteroskedastic Time Series Model for Speculative Prices and Rates of Return. Review of Economics and Statistics 69, 542–547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cappiello, L., Engle, R.F. and Sheppard, K. (2004): Asymmetric Dynamics in the Correlations of Global Equity and Bond Returns. Manuscript, Stern School of Business New York University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christoffersen, P. (2003): Elements of Financial Risk Management. Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christoffersen, P. and Diebold, F. (2000): How Relevant is Volatility Forecasting for Financial Risk Management? Review of Economics and Statistics 82, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christoffersen, P. and Goncalves, S. (2005): Estimation Risk in Financial Risk Management. Journal of Risk 7, 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christoffersen, P., Diebold, F. and Schuermann, T. (1998): Horizon Problems and Extreme Events in Financial Risk Management. Economic Policy Review Federal Reserve Bank of New York, October, 109-118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demarta, S., and McNeil, A. J. (2005): The t Copula and Related Copulas. International Statistical Review 73, 111–129.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Diebold, F.X., Schuermann, T. and Stroughair, J. (1998): Pitfalls and Opportunities in the Use of Extreme Value Theory in Risk Management. In: Refenes, A.-P. N., Burgess, A.N. and Moody, J.D. (Eds.): Decision Technologies for Computational Finance, 3-12. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffie, D. and Pan, J. (1997): An Overview of Value at Risk. Journal of Derivatives 4, 7–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engle, R. (1982): Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity With Estimates of the Variance of U.K. Inflation. Econometrica 50, 987–1008.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Engle, R. (2002): Dynamic Conditional Correlation - A Simple Class of Multivariate GARCH Models. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 20, 339–350.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Engle, R. and Manganelli, S. (2004): CAViaR: Conditional Autoregressive Value at Risk by Quantile Regression. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 22, 367–381.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Engle, R. and Ng, V. (1993): Measuring and Testing the Impact of News on Volatility. Journal of Finance 48, 1749–1778.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engle, R. F. and Sheppard, K. (2001): Theoretical and Empirical properties of Dynamic Conditional Correlation Multivariate GARCH. NBER Working Paper 8554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gourieroux, C. and Jasiak, J. (2006): Dynamic Quantile Models. Manuscript, University of Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, B. (1994): Autoregressive Conditional Density Estimation. International Economic Review 35, 705–730.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, C.R. and Siddique, A. (1999): Autoregressive Conditional Skewness. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 34, 465–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hull, J. and Suo, W. (2002): A methodology for assessing model risk and its application to the implied volatility function model. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 37, 297–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hull, J. and White, A. (1998): Incorporating Volatility Updating into the Historical Simulation Method for VaR. Journal of Risk 1, 5–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joe, H. (1997): Multivariate Models and Dependence Concepts. Chapman Hall, London.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Jondeau, E. and Rockinger, M. (2005): The Copula-GARCH Model of Conditional Dependencies: An International Stock-Market Application. Journal of International Money and Finance forthcoming.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorion, P. (2006): Value-at-Risk: The New Benchmark for Managing. Financial Risk. McGraw Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, J.P. (1996): RiskMetrics – Technical Document 4th Edition. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lando, D. (2004): Credit Risk Modeling: Theory and Applications Princeton University Press, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longin, F. and Solnik, B. (2001): Extreme Correlation of International Equity Markets. Journal of Finance 56, 649–676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manganelli, S. (2004): Asset Allocation by Variance Sensitivity Analysis. Journal of Financial Econometrics 2, 370–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNeil, A. and Frey, R. (2000): Estimation of Tail-Related Risk Measures for Heteroskedastic Financial Time Series: An Extreme Value Approach. Journal of Empirical Finance 7, 271–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, A. (2004): On the Out-of-Sample Importance of Skewness and Asymmetric Dependence for Asset Allocation. Journal of Financial Econometrics 2, 130–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, A. (2006): Modeling Asymmetric Exchange Rate Dependence. International Economic Review 47, 527–556.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, A.J. and Sheppard, K. (2008): Evaluating volatility and Correlation forecasts. In: Andersen, T.G., Davis, R.A., Kreiss, J.-P. and Mikosch, T. (Eds.): Handbook of Financial Time Series, 801–838. Springer Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Persaud, A. (2003): Liquidity Black Holes: Understanding, Quantifying and Managing Financial Liquidity Risk. Risk Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pesaran, H. and Zaffaroni, P. (2004): Model Averaging and Value-at-Risk based Evaluation of Large Multi Asset Volatility Models for Risk Management. Manuscript, University of Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poon, S.-H., Rockinger, M. and Tawn, J. (2004): Extreme Value Dependence in Financial Markets: Diagnostics, Models and Financial Implications. Review of Financial Studies 17, 581–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pritsker, M. (2001): The Hidden Dangers of Historical Simulation. Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2001–27. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tse, Y.K. and Tsui, K.C. (2002): A Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity Model with Time-varying Correlations. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 20, 351–362.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter Christoffersen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Christoffersen, P. (2009). Value–at–Risk Models. In: Mikosch, T., Kreiß, JP., Davis, R., Andersen, T. (eds) Handbook of Financial Time Series. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71297-8_33

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics