Abstract
Bleaching is an important phase in the recording of holograms on silver halide materials, ensuring a high diffraction efficiency which is so impor tant for holographic images. In this chapter the general theory for photo graphic bleaching is reviewed, followed by a detailed description of the holographic bleaching theory. The history of the holographic bleaching technique is summarized and common bleach baths used in holography today are carefully described. The printout problem of bleached holograms is treated at the end of the chapter, where also the stability of bleached holograms as well as methods of increasing the printout resistance are dis cussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
G.L. Rogers: Experiments in diffraction microscopy. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh A 63, 193–221 (1951)
Yu.N. Denisyuk: On the reproduction of the optical properties of an object by the wave field of its scattered radiation. Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 14, 279–284 (1963)
W.T. Cathey: Three-dimensional wavefront reconstruction using a phase hologram. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55, 457 (1965)
N. George, J.W. Matthews: Holographic diffraction gratings. Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 212–215(1966)
A.P. Komar, M.V. Stabnikov, B.G. Turukhano: Reconstruction of the images of transparent and refracting objects using phase holograms. Sov. Phys. Dokl. 11, 712–713 (1967)
H. Hannes: Interferometrische Messungen an Phasenstrukturen für die Holographic Optik 26, 363–380 (1967/68)
V. Russo, S. Sottini: Bleached holograms. Appl. Opt. 7, 202 (1968)
L.F. Collins: Diffraction theory description of bleached holograms. Appl. Opt. 7, 1236–1237 (1968)
J.N. Latta: The bleaching of holographic diffraction gratings for maximum efficiency. Appl. Opt. 7, 2409–2416 (1968)
H. Kiemle, W. Kreiner: Lippmann-Bragg-Phasenhologramme mit hohem Wir-kungsgrad. Phys. Lett. A 28, 425–426 (1968)
J. Upatnieks, C. Leonard: Diffraction efficiency of bleached, photographically recorded interference patterns. Appl. Opt. 8, 85–89 (1969)
H. Kiemle: Phase holograms in photographic emulsions for digital data storage. Opt. Technol. 1, 146–149(1969)
D.H. McMahon, A.R. Franklin: Efficient, high-quality, R-10 bleached holographic diffraction gratings. Appl. Opt. 8, 1927–1929 (1969)
F.T.S. Yu: A note on phase holograms. Appl. Opt. 8, 2350–2351 (1969)
M. Young, F.H. Kittredge: Amplitude and phase holograms exposed on Agfa-Gevaert 10E75 plates. Appl. Opt. 8, 2353–2354 (1969)
C.B. Burckhardt, E.T. Doherty: A bleach process for high-efficiency low-noise holograms. Appl. Opt. 8, 2479–2482 (1969)
W.T. Cathey: Phase holograms, phase-only holograms, and kinoforms. Appl. Opt. 9, 1478–1479(1970)
H.W. Lorber: A theory of granularity and bleaching for holographic information recording. IBM J. Res. Develop. 14, 515–520 (1970)
D.H. Kelly: System analysis of the photographic process t A three-stage model. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 50, 269–276 (1960)
M. Chang, N. George: Holographic dielectric grating: Theory and practice. Appl. Opt. 9, 713–719(1970)
J. Upatnieks, C. Leonard: Efficiency and image contrast of dielectric holograms. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 60, 297–305 (1970)
J. Upatnieks, CD. Leonard: Characteristics of dielectric holograms. J. IBM. Res. Develop. 14,527–532(1970)
K.S. Pennington, J.S. Harper: Techniques for producing low-noise, improved efficiency holograms. Appl. Opt. 9, 1643–1650 (1970)
K.S. Pennington, J.S. Harper: Techniques for producing low-noise, improved efficiency holograms (Erratum). Appl. Opt. 9, 2590 (1970)
M. Lehmann, J.P. Lauer, J.W. Goodman: High efficiencies, low noise, and suppression of photochromic effects in bleached silver halide holography. Appl. Opt. 9, 1948–1949(1970)
M. Lehmann: Holography (Focal, New York 1970) pp.141–144
H. Dammann: Phase holograms of diffuse objects. Proc Applications of Holography, ed. by J.-Ch. Vienot, J. Bulabois, J. Pasteur (Besancon, France 1970) pp.11–14
A. Schmackpfeffer, W. Jarisch, W.W. Kulcke: High-efficiency phase-hologram gratings. IBM J. Res. Develop. 14, 533–538 (1970)
R.L. Lamberts, C.N. Kurtz: Bleached holograms with reduced flare light. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 60, 724A (1970)
Reversal bleach process for producing phase holograms on Kodak Spectroscopic plates, Type 649-F, KODAK Pamphlet No. P-230, Rochester, NY 14650, USA (1970)
S.A. Benton: Granularity effects in phase holograms. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 61, 649A (1971)
R.L. van Renesse, N.J. van der Zwaal: Refractive index and thickness variations of the photographic emulsion. Opt. Laser Technol. 3, 41 – 44 (1971)
A.A. Verbovetskii, V.B. Fedorov: Diffraction efficiency of bleached holograms. Opt. Spectr. 31, 339–340 (1971)
H.T. Buschmann: Bleichprozesse zur Erzeugung rauscharmer, lichtstarker Pha-senhologramme. Optik 34, 240–253 (1971)
P. Hariharan: Reversal processing technique for phase holograms. Opt. Commun. 3, 119–121 (1971)
P. Hariharan, C.S. Ramanathan, G.S. Kaushik: Simplified processing technique for photographic phase holograms. Opt. Commun. 3, 246–247 (1971)
R.L. Lamberts, C.N. Kurtz: Reversal bleaching for low flare light in holograms. Appl. Opt. 10, 1342–1347(1971)
P. Barlai: Phasenhologramme in photographischen Emulsionen mit hohem Wir-kungsgrad im blaugrunen Spektralbereich. Z. Naturforsch. 27a, 544 (1972)
V.I. Bobrinev, V.K. Kozlova, M.A. Maiorchuk: Holograms of high diffraction efficiency. Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 1, 553–554 (1972)
R.L. Lamberts: Characterization of a bleached photographic material. Appl. Opt. 11,33–41 (1972)
G.C. Righini, V. Russo, S. Sottini: Low noise and good efficiency volume holograms. Appl. Opt. 11, 951–953 (1972)
H. Thiry: New technique of bleaching photographic emulsions and its application to holography. Appl. Opt. 11, 1652–1653 (1972)
A.A. Verbovetskii, V.B. Fedorov: Diffraction efficiency of a bleached hologram at 0.44 µm. Sov. Phys. — Tech. Phys. 17, 176–177 (1972)
P. Hariharan, G.S. Kaushik, C.S. Ramanathan: Reduction of scattering in photographic phase holograms. Opt. Commun. 5, 59–61 (1972)
P. Hariharan, G.S. Kaushik, C.S. Ramanathan: Simplified, low-noise processing technique for photographic phase holograms. Opt. Commun. 6, 75–76 (1972)
H.T. Buschmann: Kontrasterhohung von Phasenhologrammen durch Beschi-chtung der Platten. Opt. Commun. 6, 290–294 (1972)
P. Hariharan: Bleached reflection holograms. Opt. Commun. 6, 377–379 (1972)
R.L. van Renesse, F.A.J. Bouts: Efficiency of bleaching agents for holography. Optik 38, 156–168 (1973)
A. Graube: Advances in bleaching methods for photographically recorded holograms. Appl. Opt. 13, 2942–2946 (1974)
R.L. van Renesse: Advances in bleaching methods for photographically recorded holograms (comments). Appl. Opt. 14, 1763–1764 (1975)
N.J. Phillips, D. Porter: An advance in the processing of holograms. J. Phys. E 9, 631–634 (1976)
N.J. Phillips, D. Porter: Organically accelerated bleaches: Their role in holographic image formation. J. Phys. E 10, 96–98 (1977)
S.Y. Feng, H.M. Lai, L.K. Su: Phase holograms and the action of bleaching. Appl. Opt. 16, 1800–1801 (1977)
F.T.S. Yu: Phase holograms and the action of bleaching (comments). Appl. Opt. 16, 1802(1977)
M.J. Landry, G.S. Phipps, C.E. Robertson: Measurement of diffraction efficiency, SNR, and resolution of single- and multiple-exposure amplitude and bleached holograms. Appl. Opt. 17, 1764–1770 (1978)
J.W. Eastes: Materials research for holographic recording: Report No. 2, Bleaching methods for photographically recorded holograms, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Topographic Laboratories, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA, Report ETL-0156 (1978)
P. Hariharan: Volume-phase reflection holograms. The effect of hologram thickness on image luminance. Opt. Acta 26, 1443–1447 (1979)
S.A. Benton: Photographic materials and their handling, in Handbook of Optical Holography, ed. by H.J. Caulfield (Academic, New York 1979) Chap.9, pp. 349–366
N.J. Phillips, A.A. Ward, R. Cullen, D. Porter: Advances in holographic bleaches. Phot. Sci. Eng. 24, 120–124 (1980)
J.H. Sterner, F.L. Oglesby, B. Anderson: Quinone vapors and their harmful effects. J. Ind. Hygiene and Toxicology 29 (No.2), 60–73 (1947)
L. Joly and R. Vanhorebeek: Development effects in white-light reflection holography. Phot. Sci. Eng. 24, 108–113 (1980)
R.L. van Renesse: Scattering properties of fine-grained bleached emulsions. Phot. Sci. Eng. 24, 114–119 (1980)
W. Spierings: “Pyrochrome” processing yields color-controlled results with silver-halide materials. Holosphere 10 (No.7–8), 1–7 (1981)
M. Pardo, F. Anton, C. Pastor: Rendimiento y senal — Ruido de hologramas obtenidos con diferentes procesos de blanqueo. Optica Pura y Aplicada 14, 61–65(1981)
G. Liebmann: Die Messung der Bleicheffektivität an Mikratplatten ORWO LP2. J. Signal. AM 9, 121–127(1981)
J. Slaby, L. Sirko: Essential features of the bleached silver halide holographic materials. Opt. Commun. 37, 165–168 (1981)
L. Sirko, J. Slaby: Wavefront phase modulation in bleached holographic emulsion. Opt. Commun. 41, 407–410 (1982)
J. Oliva, M. Pardo, J.A. Quintana: High SNR in bleached silver-halide holography. Appl. Opt. 21, 171 (1982)
A. Fimia, M. Pardo, J.A. Quintana: Improvement of image quality in bleached holograms. Appl. Opt. 21, 3412–3413 (1982)
A.V. Alekseev-Popov, S.A. Gevelyuk: Contributions of amplitude and phase modulation to diffraction efficiency in three-dimensional reflective holograms. Sov. Phys. — Tech. Phys. 27, 1289–1291 (1982)
R.R.A. Syms, L. Solymar: Planar volume phase holograms formed in bleached photographic emulsions. Appl. Opt. 22, 1479–1496 (1983)
NJ. Phillips: Colour reflection holography, in Three-Dimensional Imaging, ed. by J. Ebbeni, A. Monfils. Proc. SPIE 402, 19–24 (1983)
L. Joly: Grain growth during rehalogenating bleaching. J. Photogr. Sci. 31, 143–147 (1983)
D.I. Staselko, A.L. Churaev: Investigation of the phase characteristics of holographic recording media. Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 57, 411–415 (1984)
R.R.A. Syms, L. Solymar: The effects of swelling on volume holograms formed in bleached photographic emulsion. Opt. Acta 31, 149–157 (1984)
M. Quintaniila, A.M. de Frutos, I. Arias: Characterization of volume and phase holographic gratings. Appl. Opt. 23, 214–217 (1984)
D.J. Cooke, A.A. Ward: Reflection-hologram processing for high efficiency in silver-halide emulsions. Appl. Opt. 23, 934–941 (1984)
R.L. van Renesse, J.W. Burgmeijer: Application of pulsed reflection holography to material testing. Opt. Eng. 24, 1086–1092 (1985)
D.I. Staselko, A.L. Churaev: Method for calculating the contrast of images of diffusely scattering objects produced by thick-layer transmission phase holograms. Sov. Phys. — Tech. Phys. 31, 197–202 (1986)
P. Hariharan: Bleached photographic phase holograms: The influence of drying procedures on diffraction efficiency. Opt. Commun. 56, 318–320 (1986)
R. De Winne, R. Phelan: Processing of Agfa-Gevaert Holotest 8E56 HD for reflection holography. Proc. Int’l Symp. on Display Holography, ed. by T. H. Jeong, Lake Forest College, IL 60045, USA, Vol.11 (1986) pp.263–277
J. Blyth: Notes on processing holograms with solvent bleach. Proc. Int’l Symp. on Display Holography, ed. by T.H. Jeong, Lake Forest College, IL 60045, USA, Vol.II(1986)pp.325–331
J. Crespo, A. Fimia, J.A. Quintana: Fixation-free methods in bleached reflection holography. Appl. Opt. 25, 1642–1645 (1986)
N. Phillips: Benign bleaching for health holography. Holosphere 14, (No.4), 21–22(1986)
J. Blyth: A novel approach to colour processing. Wavefront 2 (No.2), 23 (1987)
R.C. Sehlin: Persulfate bleach and motion-picture film processes. J. Soc. Motion Picture and Television Eng. 91, 158–163 (1982)
J.E. Crisante, W.A. Szafranski: Kodak persulfate bleach for process ECN-2. J. Soc. Motion Picture and Television Eng. 91, 1058–1065 (1982)
J.A. Keiler, G. Pollakowski: Persulfate/quinone bleach — Environmental and economic aspects. J. Soc. Motion Picture and Television Eng. 95, 220–223 (1986)
P. Hariharan, CM. Chidley: Photographic phase holograms: The influence of developer composition on scattering and diffraction efficiency. Appl. Opt. 26, 1230–1234 (1987)
P. Hariharan, CM. Chidley: Rehalogenating bleaches for photographic phase holograms: The influence of halide type and concentration on diffraction efficiency and scattering. Appl. Opt. 26, 3895–3898 (1987)
P. Hariharan, CM. Chidley: Photographic phase holograms: Spatial frequency effects with conventional and reversal bleaches. Appl. Opt. 27, 3065–3067 (1988)
P. Hariharan, CM. Chidley: Rehalogenating bleaches for photographic phase holograms 2: Spatial frequency effects. Appl. Opt. 27, 3852–3854 (1988)
P. Hariharan, CM. Chidley: Bleached reflection holograms: A study of color shifts due to processing. Appl. Opt. 28, 422–424 (1989)
A.A. Ward, L. Solymar: Diffraction efficiency limitations of holograms recorded in silver-halide emulsions. Appl. Opt. 28, 1850 – 1855 (1989)
J. Thomas: Reversal techniques for high quality reflection holograms. C99 report, Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA (1989)
D.Y. Qiu, C.C. Jiang: Mathematical method to predict the diffraction efficiency of holograms. Opt. Laser Technol. 21, 47–50 (1989)
G. Ackermann, J. Eichler, C Schneeweiss-Wolter: Exposure, developing and bleaching of holographic layers. Laser und Optoelektronik 21 (No.4), 56–59 (1989)
N. Phillips: The silver halides — The workhorse of the holography business. Proc. Int’l Symp. on Display Holography, ed. by T. H. Jeong, Lake Forest College, IL 60045, USA, Vol.111 (1989) pp.35–73
L. Joly, P. Jacobs: Spectral response of reflection gratings on Holotest 8E75 HD plates. Proc. Int’l Symp. on Display Holography, ed. by T.H. Jeong, Lake Forest College, IL 60045, USA, Vol.III (1989) pp. 115–126
Z.S. Hegedus, P. Hariharan: Some new developments in display holography, in Three-Dimensional Holography: Science, Culture, Education, ed. by T.H. Jeong, V.B. Markov. Proc. SPIE 1238, 480–488 (1991)
P. Hariharan: Rehalogenating bleaches for photographic phase holograms 3: Mechanism of material transfer. Appl. Opt. 29, 2983–2985 (1990)
P. Hariharan: Basic processes involved in the production of bleached holograms. J. Photogr. Sci. 38, 76–81 (1990)
M.H. Jeong, M.J. Lee, I.W. Lee: Rehalogenating properties of photographic plate for phase holograms, in Optics in Complex Systems, ed. by F. Lanzl, H.-J. Preuss, G. Weigelt. Proc. SPIE 1319, 307 (1990)
R.K. Kostuk: Effects of bleach constituents on the performance of silver-halide holograms, in Practical Holography IV, ed. by S.A. Benton. Proc. SPIE 1212, 55–62(1990)
R.K. Kostuk: Factorial optimization of bleach constituents for silver halide holograms. Appl. Opt. 30, 1611–1616 (1991)
A.L. Churaev, V.V. Artyomova: Characteristic curves and phase-exposition characteristics of photographic photomaterials, in Three-Dimensional Holography: Science, Culture, Education, ed. by T.H. Jeong, V.B. Markov. Proc. SPIE 1238, 158–165(1991)
H.I. Bjelkhagen, N. Phillips, W. Ce: Chemical symmetry — Developers that look like bleach agents for holography, in Practical Holography IV, ed. by S.A. Benton. Proc. SPIE 1461, 321–328 (1991)
R.K. Kostuk, J.W. Goodman: Refractive index modulation mechanism in bleached silver halide holograms. Appl. Opt. 30, 369–371 (1991)
S. Kumar, K. Singh: Bleached phase holograms using Agfa-Gevaert 10E75 NAH plates: Influence of different developers and developer composition on the diffraction efficiency, scattering and stability. Optik 86, 99–103 (1990)
S. Kumar, K. Singh: Bleached phase holograms using Agfa-Gevaert 10E75 NAH plates. Opt. & Laser Technol. 23, 37–41 (1991)
S. Kumar, K. Singh: Study of parameters of amplitude and bleached holograms recorded and reconstructed at 442 nm using photographic emulsion. Optik 88, 45–49(1991)
S. Kumar, K. Singh: Comparative study of maximum diffraction efficiency of bleached holograms at different read-beam angles using 633 nm and 442 nm wavelengths. Optik 90, 75–79 (1992)
A. Belendez, I. Pascual, A. Fimia: Influences of recording geometry parameters on diffraction efficiency in bleached silver halide transmission holograms. J. Mod. Opt. 39, 1855–1861 (1992)
T.A. Shankoff: Phase holograms in dichromated gelatin. Appl. Opt. 7, 2101–2105(1968)
D.H. McMahon, W.T. Maloney: Measurements of the stability of bleached photographic phase holograms. Appl. Opt. 9, 1363–1368 (1970)
A.J. Chenoweth: Humidity testing of bleached holograms. Appl. Opt. 10, 913–915(1971)
F.P. Laming, S.L. Levine, G. Sincerbox: Lifetime extension of bleached holograms. Appl. Opt. 10, 1181–1182(1971)
P. Hariharan, C.S. Ramanathan: Suppression of printout effect in photographic phase holograms. Appl. Opt. 10, 2197–2199 (1971)
S.L. Norman: Dye-induced stabilization of bleached holograms. Appl. Opt. 11, 1234–1239(1972)
D.J. Locker: Analysis of the effects of environment of the photolytic darkening of silver halide microcrystals. Photogr. Sci. Eng. 18, 242–247 (1974)
N. Nishida: Bleached phase hologram containing nonsilver metal compound. Appl. Opt. 13, 2769–2770 (1974)
T. Inagaki, J. Nakajima, Y. Nishimura: Characteristics of bleached hologram according to exposure stability to light. Fujitsu Sci. & Tech. J. (Jpn.) 10 (No.l), 135–155(1974)
G. Huttmann: Holography with a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser, in Holography Techniques and Applications, ed. by W.P.O. Juptner. Proc. SPIE 1026, 14–21 (1988)
D. Vila, E. Wesly: Controlling the effects of ultra-violet light on holographic emulsions. Proc. Int’l Symp. on Display Holography, ed. by T.H. Jeong, Lake Forest College, IL 60045, USA, Vol.III (1989) pp.141–148
N.D. Vorzobova, R.V. Rjabova, A.I. Schvarzvald: Holographic characteristics of IAE and PFG-01 photoplates for colored pulsed holography, in Three-Dimensional Holography: Science. Culture, Education, ed. by T.H. Jeong, V.B. Markov. Proc. SPIE 1238, 476–477 (1991)
L.P. Vakhtangova, B.I. Shapiro, E.A. Gruz, K.S. Bogomolov: The method of phase hologram stabilization. Proc. 3rd. USSR All-Union Conf. on Holography (Ulianovsk, USSR 1978) p.329
S. Kumar, K. Singh: Stability improvement in bleached phase holograms. Opt. & Laser Technol. 23, 225–227 (1991)
R.E. Jacobson, P. Baxter: Factors influencing print-out in bleached holograms, in Practical Holography VI, ed. by S. Benton. Proc. SPIE 1667, 243–255 (1992)
V. Weiss, E. Millul, A.A. Friesem: Photolytically stable bleached silver halide holograms for archival storage. Proc. From Gallileos Ochialino to Optoelectronics (Padova, Italy 1992)
J.M.C. Jonathan, R. Kinany: Generation of uniaxial medium from bleached photographic plates. Opt. Commun. 27, 61–64 (1978)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bjelkhagen, H.I. (1995). Bleaching. In: Silver-Halide Recording Materials. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 66. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70756-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70756-1_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-58619-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-70756-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive