Hypospadia is a common congenital malformation in boys that implies an abnormal opening of the meatus urethrae on the ventral side of the penis. Hypospadia arises due to a premature arrest of the male urethra development during gestational week 8 – 16. Depending on when the arrest arises the malformation will have different severity with the meatus on the ventral side of the penis, in the scrotum or in severe cases in the perineum. The word is derived from the Greek words hypos meaning “ under ” and spadon “ opening ”. The incidence is about 1:300 boys and varies between 0.4 – 8.2 per 1,000 newborn boys in different populations, due to genetic and environmental differences as well as different reporting to birth defect registries.
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Further Reading
Baskin LS (2006) Hypospadias. In MD Stringer, KT Oldham, PDE Mouriquand (eds) Pediatric Surgery and Urology: Longterm Outcomes. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 611–620
Baskin LS, Ebbers MB (2006) Hypospadias: Anatomy, etiology and technique. J Pediatr Surg 41(10):1786
Bracka A (1996) Hypospadias repair: The two-stage alternative. Br J Urol 76 (Suppl 3):31–41
Hadidi AT, Azmy AF (eds) (2003) Hypospadias Surgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Mouriquand P (ed) (2007) Etiological aspects of hypospadias. Dialogues in Pediatric Urology, 28:4–7
Mouriquand P, Mure PY (2004) Current concepts in hypospadiology. BJU Int 93 (Suppl 3):26–34
Mouriquand P, Mure P-Y (2006) Hypospadias. In P Puri, ME Höllwarth (eds) Pediatric Surgery, Springer Surgery Atlas Series. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 529–542
Snodgrass W (2006) The “ learning curve ” in hypospadias surgery. BJU Int 97(3):593–596
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Läckgren, G., Nordenskjöld, A. (2009). Hypospadia. In: Puri, P., Höllwarth, M. (eds) Pediatric Surgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69560-8_94
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