Abstract
Much of the use of imaging in the detection, diagnosis and management of bone and soft tissue tumours relies on evaluation of morphological changes. There are, however, a number of situations where particular measurements derived from different imaging techniques can be of considerable value in predicting fracture risk, planning surgery and assessing response to treatment. The purpose of this chapter is to review these different applications.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abudu A, Davies AM, Pynsent PB, Mangham DC, Tillman RM, Carter SR, Grimer RJ (1999) Tumour volume as a predictor of necrosis after chemotherapy in Ewing’s sarcoma. J Bone Joint Surg Br 81B:317–322
Ahn JI, Park JS (1994) Pathological fractures secondary to unicameral bone cysts. Int Orthop 18:20–22
Arata MA, Peterson HA, Dahlin DC (1981) Pathological fractures through nonossifying fibromas. J Bone Joint Surg Am 63A:980–988
Ashford RU, Pendlebury S, Stalley PD (2006) Management of metastatic disease of the appendicular skeleton. Curr Orthop 20:299–315
de Baere T, Vanel D, Shapeero L, Charpentier A, Terrier P, di Paola M (1992) Osteosarcoma after chemotherapy: evaluation with contrast material enhanced subtraction MR imaging. Radiology 185:587–592
Bajpai J, Gamnagatti S, Kumar R, Sreenivas V, Sharma MC, Khan SA, Rastogi S, Malhotra A, Safaya R, Bakhshi S (2011) Role of MRI in osteosarcoma for evaluation and prediction of chemotherapy response: correlation with histological necrosis. Pediatr Radiol 41:441–450
Baur A, Stabler A, Bruning R, Bartl R, Krodel A, Reiser M, Deimling M (1998) Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of bone marrow: differentiation of benign versus pathologic compression fractures. Radiology 207:349–356
Baur A, Reiser MF (2000) Diffusion-weighted imaging of the musculoskeletal system in humans. Skelet Radiol 29:555–562
Benz MR, Czernin J, Allen-Auerbach MS, Tap WD, Dry SM, Elashoff D, Chow K, Evilevitch V, Eckardt JJ, Phelps ME, Weber WA, Eilber FC (2009) FDG-PET/CT imaging predicts histopathologic treatment responses after the initial cycle of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in high-grade soft-tissue sarcomas. Clin Cancer Res 15:2856–2863
Bernard SA, Murphey MD, Flemming DJ, Kransdorf MJ (2010) Improved differentiation of benign osteochon- dromas from secondary chondrosarcomas with standardized measurement of cartilage cap at CT and MR imaging. Radiology 255:857–865
Berquist TH, Ehman RL, King BF, Hodgman CH, Ilstrup DM (1990) Value of MR imaging in differentiating benign from malignant soft tissue masses: a study of 95 lesions. Am J Roentgenol 155:1251–1255
Berquist TH (1993) MR imaging of primary skeletal neoplasms. Radiol Clin N Am 31:411–424
Bloem JL, Taminiau AHM, Eulderink F, Hermans J, Pauwels EKJ (1988) Radiologic staging of primary bone sarcoma: MR imaging, scintigraphy, angiography, and CT correlated with pathologic examination. Radiology 169:805–810
Bonnerot V, Charpentier A, Frouin F, Kalifa C, Vanel D, Di Paola R (1992) Factor analysis of dynamic MR imaging in predicting response of osteosarcoma to chemotherapy. Investig Radiol 27:847–855
Cheon GJ, Kim MS, Lee JA, Lee SY, Cho WH, Song WS, Koh JS, Yoo JY, Oh DH, Shin DS, Jeon DG (2009) Prediction model of chemotherapy response in osteosarcoma by 18F-FDG PET and MRI. J Nucl Med 50:1435–1440
Costelloe CM, Macapinlac HA, Madewell JE, Fitzgerald NE, Mawlawi OR, Rohren EM, Raymond AK, Lewis VO, Anderson PM, Bassett RL Jr, Harrell RK, Marom EM (2009) 18F-FDG PET/CT as an indicator of progression-free and overall survival in osteosarcoma. J Nucl Med 50:340–347
Damron TA, Morgan H, Prakash D, Grant W, Aronowitz J, Heiner J (2003) Critical evaluation of Mirels’ rating system for impending pathologic fractures. Clin Orthop 415S:S201–S207
Damron TA, Ward WG (2003) Risk of pathologic fracture: assessment. Clin Orthop 415S:S208–S211
De Coninck T, Jans L, Sys G, Huysse W, Verstraeten T, Forsyth R, Poffyn B, Verstraete K (2013) Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging for differentiation between enchondroma and chondrosarcoma. Eur Radiol 2013(23):3140–3152
Dijkstra PD, Oudkerk M, Wiggers T (1997) Prediction of pathological subtrochanteric fractures due to metastatic lesions. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 116:221–224
Douis H, Jeys L, Grimer R, Davies AM (2014) Is there a role for Diffusion-Weighted MRI (DWI) in the diagnosis of central cartilage tumours? Skelet Radiol 43:1347
Dyke JP, Panicek DM, Healey JH, Meyers PA, Huvos AG, Schwartz LH, Thaler HT, Tofts PS, Gorlick R, Koutcher JA, Ballon D (2003) Osteogenic and Ewing sarcomas: estimation of necrotic fraction during induction chemotherapy with dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 228:271–278
Easley ME, Kneisl JS (1997) Pathologic fractures through nonossifying fibromas: is prophylactic treatment warranted. J Pediatr Orthop 17:808–813
Einarsdóttir H, Karlsson M, Wejde J, Bauer HC (2004) Diffusion-weighted MRI of soft tissue tumours. Eur Radiol 14:959–963
Enneking WF, Spanier SS, Goodman MA (1980) A system for the surgical staging of musculoskeletal sarcoma. Clin Orthop (153):106–120
Erlemann R, Reiser M, Peters P, Vasallo P, Nommensen B, Kusnierz-Glaz CR, Ritter J, Roessner A (1989) Musculoskeletal neoplasms: static and dynamic Gd-DTPA enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 171:767–773
Erlemann R, Sciuk J, Bosse A et al (1990) Response of osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma to preoperative chemotherapy: assessment with dynamic and static MR imaging and skeletal scintigraphy. Radiology 175:791–796
Erlemann R, Sciuk J, Wuisman P et al (1992) Dynamic MR tomography in diagnosis of inflammatory and tumourous space-occupying growths of the musculoskeletal system. Rofo 156:353–359
Estes DN, Magill HL, Thompson EI, Hayes FA (1990) Primary Ewing sarcoma; follow-up with Ga-67 scintigraphy. Radiology 177:449–453
Evilevitch V, Weber WA, Tap WD, Allen-Auerbach M, Chow K, Nelson SD, Eilber FR, Eckardt JJ, Elashoff RM, Phelps ME, Czernin J, Eilber FC (2008) Reduction of glucose metabolic activity is more accurate than change in size at predicting histopathologic response to neoadjuvant therapy in high-grade soft-tissue sarcomas. Clin Cancer Res 14:715–720
Fidler M (1973) Prophylactic internal fixation of secondary neoplastic deposits in long bones. Br Med J 1:341–343
Fidler M (1981) Incidence of fracture through metastases in long bones. Acta Orthop Scand 52:623–627
Fletcher BD (1991) Response of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma to chemotherapy: imaging evaluation. Am J Roentgenol 157:825–833
Fletcher BD, Hanna SL, Fairclough DL, Gronmeyer SA (1992) Pediatric musculoskeletal tumors: use of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging to monitor response to chemotherapy. Radiology 184:243–248
Franzius C, Sciuk J, Brinkschmidt C et al (2000) Evaluation of chemotherapy response in primary bone tumors with F-18 FDG positron emission tomography with histologically assessed tumor necrosis. Clin Nucl Med 25:874–881
Gielen JMLA, De Schepper AM, Vanhoenacker F, Parizel P, Wang XL, Sciot R, Weyler J (2004) Accuracy of MRI in characterization of soft tissue tumors and tumor-like lesions. A prospective study in 548 patients. Eur Radiol 14:2320–2330
Giernaerdt MJA, Hogendoorn PCW, Bloem JL, Taminiau AHM, van der Woude HJ (2000) Cartilaginous tumors: fast contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 214:539–546
Gillespy T, Manfrini M, Ruggieri P, Spanier SS, Pettersson H, Springfield DS (1988) Staging of intraosseous extent of osteosarcoma: correlation of preoperative CT with pathologic macroslides. Radiology 167:765–767
Greene FL, Page DL, Fleming ID (eds) (2002a) American joint committee on cancer. Bone, 6th edn. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, pp 213–219
Greene FL, Page DL, Fleming ID (eds) (2002b) American Joint Committee on Cancer. Soft tissue, 6th edn. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, pp 193–197
Greer RJ, Woodruff J, Casper ES et al (1992) Management of small soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity in adults. Arch Surg 127:1285–1289
Griffith JF, Chan DPN, Kumta SM, Chow LTC, Ahuja AT (2004) Does Doppler analysis of musculoskeletal soft tissue tumours help predict tumour malignancy? Clin Radiol 59:369–375
Guo J, Reddick WE, Glass JO, Ji Q, Billups CA, Wu J, Hoffer FA, Kaste SC, Jenkins JJ, Ortega Flores XC, Quintana J, Villarroel M, Daw NC (2012) Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as a prognostic factor in predicting event-free and overall survival in pediatric patients with osteosarcoma. Cancer 118:3776–3885
Hamada K, Tomita Y, Inoue A, Fujimoto T, Hashimoto N, Myoui A, Yoshikawa H, Hatazawa J (2009) Evaluation of chemotherapy response in osteosarcoma with FDG-PET. Ann Nucl Med 23:89–95
Hanna SL, Parham DM, Fairclough DL, Meyer WH, Lee AH, Fletcher BD (1992) Assessment of osteosarcoma response to preoperative chemotherapy using dynamic FLASH gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced MR mapping. Investig Radiol 27:367–373
Harrington KD (1982) New trends in management of lower extremity metastases. Clin Orthop 169:53–61
Hawkins DS, Rajendran YG, Conrad EU, Bruckner JD, Eary JF (2002) Evaluation of chemotherapy response in pediatric bone sarcomas by [F-18]-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography. Cancer 94:3277–3284
Hawkins DS, Schuetze SM, Butrynski YE, Rajendran YG, Vernon CB, Conrad EU, Eary JF (2005) [F-18]-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography predicts outcome for Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. J Clin Oncol 23:8828–8833
Hawkins DS, Conrad EU 3rd, Butrynski JE, Schuetze SM, Eary JF (2009) [F-18]-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography response is associated with outcome for extremity osteosarcoma in children and young adults. Cancer 115:3519–3525
Hayashida Y, Hirai T, Yakushiji T, Katahira K, Shimomura O, Imuta M, Nakaura T, Utsunomiya D, Awai K, Yamashita Y (2006a) Evaluation of diffusion-weighted imaging for the differential diagnosis of poorly contrast-enhanced and T2-prolonged bone masses: initial experience. J Magn Reson Imaging 23:377–382
Hayashida Y, Yakushiji T, Awai K, Katahira K, Nakayama Y, Shimomura O, Kitajima M, Hirai T, Yamashita Y, Mizuta H (2006b) Monitoring therapeutic responses of primary bone tumors by diffusion-weighted image: initial results. Eur Radiol 16:2637–2643
Heck RK, Stacy GS, Flaherty MJ, Montag AG, Peabody TD, Simon MA (2003) A comparison study of staging systems for bone sarcomas. Clin Orthop 415:64–71
Hipp JA, Springfield DS, Hayes WC (1995) Predicting pathologic fracture risk in the management of metastatic bone defects. Clin Orthop 312:120–135
Kaelin AJ, MacEwen GD (1989) Unicameral bone cysts: natural history and the risk of fracture. Int Orthop 13:275–282
Kenney PJ, Gilula LA, Murphy WA (1981) The use of computed tomography to distinguish osteochondroma and chondrosarcoma. Radiology 139:129–137
Kim MS, Lee SY, Cho WH, Song WS, Koh JS, Lee JA, Yoo JY, Jeon DG (2008) Initial tumor size predicts histologic response and survival in localized osteosarcoma patients. J Surg Oncol 97:456–461
Knop J, Delling G, Heise U, Winkler K (1990) Scintigraphic evaluation of tumour regression during preoperative chemotherapy of osteosarcoma. Skelet Radiol 19:165–172
Kong CB, Byun BH, Lim I, Choi CW, Lim SM, Song WS, Cho WH, Jeon DG, Koh JS, Yoo JY, Lee SY (2013) 18F-FDG PET SUVmax as an indicator of histopathologic response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in extremity osteosarcoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 40:728–736
Lang P, Honda G, Roberts T, Vahlensieck M, Johnston JO, Rosenau W, Mathur A, Peterfy C, Gooding C, Genant HK (1995) Musculoskeletal neoplasm: perineoplastic edema versus tumor on dynamic postcontrast MR images with spatial mapping of instantaneous enhancement rates. Radiology 197:831–839
Lawrence JA, Babyn P, Chan HSL, Thorner PS, Pron GE, Krajbich IJ (1993) Extremity osteosarcoma in childhood: prognostic value of radiologic imaging. Radiology 189:43–47
Lecouvet FE, Malghem J, Michaux L, Michaux JL et al (1997) Vertebral compression fractures in multiple myeloma. Part II Assessment of fracture risk with MR imaging of spinal bone metastases. Radiology 204:201–205
Lecouvet FE, Vande Berg BC, Michaux L, Jamart J et al (1998) Development of vertebral fractures in patients with multiple myeloma: does MRI enable recognition of vertebrae that will collapse? J Comput Assist Tomogr 22:430–436
Van der Linden YM, Kroon HM, Dijkstra SP, Lok JJ, Noordijk EM, Leer JW, Marijnen CA, Dutch Bone Metastasis Study Group. Radiother Oncol. 2003 Oct;69(1):21–31. Simple radiographic parameter predicts fracturing in metastatic femoral bone lesions: results from a randomised trial
Van der Linden YM, Kroon HM, Dijkstra SP, Lok JJ, Noordijk EM, Leer JW, Marijnen CA, Dutch Bone Metastasis Study Group. Radiother Oncol. 2003;69(1):21–31. Simple radiographic parameter predicts fracturing in metastatic femoral bone lesions: results from a randomised trial.
Leong NL, Anderson ME, Gebhardt MC, Snyder BD (2010) Computed tomography-based structural analysis for predicting fracture risk in children with benign skeletal neoplasms: comparison of specificity with that of plain radiographs. J Bone Joint Surg Am 92:18277–11833
Lisle JW, Eary JF, O'Sullivan J, Conrad EU (2009) Risk assessment based on FDG-PET imaging in patients with synovial sarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res 467:1605–1611
Liu PT, Chivers FP, Roberts CC, Schultz CJ, Beauchamp CP (2003) Imaging of osteoid osteoma with dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 227:691–700
Ma LD, Frassica FJ, Scott WW Jr, Fishman EK, Zerhouni EA (1995) Differentiation of benign and malignant musculoskeletal tumors: potential pitfalls with MR imaging. Radiographics 15:349–366
Maeda M, Matsumine A, Kato H, Kusuzaki K, Maier SE, Uchida A, Takeda K (2007) Soft-tissue tumors evaluated by line-scan diffusion-weighted imaging: influence of myxoid matrix on the apparent diffusion coefficient. J Magn Reson Imaging 25:1199–1204
Mavrogenis AF, Pala E, Romantini M, Guerra G, Romagnoli C, Maccauro G, Ruggieri P (2011) Side effects in radiation in musculoskeletal oncology: clinical evaluation of radiation-induced fractures. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 24:29–37
McAfee PC, Zdeblick TA (1989) Tumors of the thoracic and lumbar spine: surgical treatment via the anterior approach. J Spinal Disord 2:145–154
Mirels H (1989) Metastatic disease in long bones: a proposed scoring system for diagnosing impending pathologic fractures. Clin Orthop 249:256–264
Mirowitz SA, Tooty WG, Lee JKT (1992) Characterization of musculoskeletal masses using dynamic Gd-DTPA enhanced spin-ecgo MRI. J Comput Assist Tomogr 16:120–125
Morrison WB, Dalinka MK, Daffner RH et al (2005) Bone tumors. In: ACR appropriateness criteria. American College of Radiology, Reston, VA, pp 1–5
Moulton JS, Blebea JS, Dunco DM, Braley SE, Bisset GS, Emery KH (1995) MR imaging of soft tissue masses: diagnostic efficacy and value of distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. Am J Roentgenol 164:1191–1199
Nair N, Ali A, Green AA, Lamonica G, Alibazoglu H, Alibazoglu B, Hollinger EF, Ahmed K (2000) Response of osteosarcoma to chemotherapy. Evaluation with F-18 FDG-PET scans. Clin Positron Imaging 3:79–83
O’Flanagan SJ, Stack JP, McGee HM, Dervan P, Hurson B (1991) Imaging of intramedullary tumour spread in osteosarcoma. A comparison of techniques. J Bone Joint Surg Br 73B:998–1001
Oka K, Yakushiji T, Sato H, Hirai T, Yamashita Y, Mizuta H (2010) The value of diffusion-weighted imaging for monitoring the chemotherapeutic response of osteosarcoma: a comparison between average apparent diffusion coefficient and minimum apparent diffusion coefficient. Skelet Radiol 39:141–146
Oka K, Yakushiji T, Sato H, Fujimoto T, Hirai T, Yamashita Y, Mizuta H (2011) Usefulness of diffusion-weighted imaging for differentiating between desmoid tumors and malignant soft tissue tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging 33:189–193
Onikul E, Fletcher BD, Parham DM, Chen G (1996) Accuracy of MR imaging for estimating extent of osteosarcoma. Am J Roentgenol 167:1211–1215
Ortiz EJ, Isler MH, Navia JE, Canosa R (2005) Pathologic fractures in children. Clin Orthop 432:116–126
Parrish FF, Murray JA (1970) Surgical treatment for secondary neoplastic fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 52A:665–686
Peabody TD, Gibbs CP Jr, Simon MA (1998) Evaluation and staging of musculoskeletal neoplasms. J Bone Joint Surg Am 80A:1204–1218
Ramanna L, Waxman A, Binney G, Waxman S, Mirra J, Rosen G (1990) Thallium-201 scintigraphy in bone sarcoma: comparison with gallium-67 and technetium-MDP in the evaluation of chemotherapeutic response. J Nucl Med 31:567–572
Razek A, Nada N, Ghaniem M, Elkhamary S (2012) Assessment of soft tissue tumours of the extremities with diffusion echoplanar MR imaging. Radiol Med 117:96–101
Reddick W, Langston J, Meyer W et al (1994) Discrete signal processing of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging: statistical validation and preliminary clinical application. J Magn Reson Imaging 4:397–404
van Rijswijk CSP, Geirnaerdt MJA, Hogendoorn PCW, Peterse JL, van Coevorden F, Taminiau AHM, Tollenaar RAEM, Kroon BBR, Bloem JL (2003) Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging in monitoring response to isolated limb perfusion in high grade soft tissue sarcoma: initial results. Eur Radiol 13:1849–1858
van Rijswijk CSP, Geirnaerdt MJA, Hogendoorn PCW, Taminiau AHM, van Coevorden F, Zwinderman AH, Pope TL, Bloem JL (2004) Soft-tissue tumors: value of static and dynamic gadopentetate dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging in prediction of malignancy. Radiology 233:493–502
Roth SE, Mousavi P, Finkelstein J, Chow E, Kreder H, Whyne CM (2004) Metastatic burst fracture risk prediction using biomechanically based equations. Clin Orthop 419:83–90
Saifuddin A, Burnett SJD, Mitchell R (1998) Pictorial review: ultrasonography of primary bone tumours. Clin Radiol 53:239–246
Saraph V, Linhart WE (2005) Modern treatment of pathological fractures in children. Injury 36(Suppl 1):A64–A74
Sauer R, Jürgens H, Burgers JM et al (1987) Prognostic factors in the treatment of Ewing’s sarcoma: the Ewing’s sarcoma study group of the German Society of Paediatric Oncology CESS 81. Radiother Oncol 10:101–110
Scherer A, Wittsack HJ, Strupp C et al (2002) Vertebral fractures in multiple myeloma: first results of assessment of fracture risk using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Ann Hematol 81:517–521
Schulte M, Brecht-Krauss D, Werner M, Hartwig E, Sarkar MR, Keppler P, Kotzerke J, Guhlmann A, Delling G, Reske SN (1999) Evaluation of neoadjuvant therapy response of osteogenic sarcoma using FDG PET. J Nucl Med 40:1637–1643
Schwarzbach MH, Hinz U, Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A, Willeke F, Cardona S, Mechtersheimer G, Lehnert T, Strauss LG, Herfarth C, Büchler MW (2005) Prognostic significance of preoperative [18-F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in patients with resectable soft tissue sarcomas. Ann Surg 241:286–294
Shapeero LG, Henry-Amar M, Vanel D (1992) Response of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma to preoperative chemotherapy: assessment with dynamic and static MR imaging and skeletal scintigraphy. Investig Radiol 27:989–991
Shin KH, Moon SH, Suh JS, Yang WI (2000) Tumor volume change as a predictor of chemotherapeutic response in osteosarcoma. Clin Orthop 376:200–208
Skeletal Lesions Interobserver Correlation amongst Expert Diagnosticians (SLICED) Study Group (2007) Reliability of histopathologic and radiologic grading of cartilaginous neoplasms in long bones. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89:2113–2123
Snell WE, Beals RK (1964) Femoral metastases and fractures from breast cancer. Surg Gynecol Obstet 119:22–24
Stacy GS, Mahal RS, Peabody TD (2006) Staging of bone tumors: a review with illustrative examples. Am J Roentgenol 186:967–976
Subhawong TK, Durand DJ, Thawait GK, Jacobs MA, Fayad LM (2013) Characterization of soft tissue masses: can quantitative diffusion weighted imaging reliably distinguish cysts from solid masses? Skelet Radiol 42:1583–1592
Taneichi H, Kaneda K, Takeda N et al (1997) Risk factors and probability of vertebral body collapse in metastases of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Spine 22:239–245
Teo HEL, Peh WCG (2004) The role of imaging in the staging and treatment planning of primary malignant bone tumors in children. Eur Radiol 14:465–475
Uhl M, Saueressig U, Koehler G, Kontny U, Niemeyer C, Reichardt W, Ilyasof K, Bley T, Langer M (2006) Evaluation of tumour necrosis during chemotherapy with diffusion-weighted MR imaging: preliminary results in osteosarcomas. Pediatr Radiol 36:1306–1311
van Trommel MF, Kroon HM, Bloem JL, Hogendoorn PC, Taminiau AH (1997) MR imaging based strategies in limb salvage surgery for osteosarcoma of the distal femur. Skelet Radiol 26:636–641
Verstraete KL, De Deene Y, Roels H, Dierick A, Uyttendaele D, Kunnen M (1994a) Benign and malignant musculoskeletal lesions: dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging—parametric “first-pass” images depict tissue vascularization and perfusion. Radiology 192:835–843
Verstraete KL, Dierick A, De Deene Y et al (1994b) First-pass images of musculoskeletal lesions: a new and useful diagnostic application of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 12:687–702
Verstraete KL, Vanzieleghem B, De Deene Y et al (1995) Static, dynamic and first-pass imaging of musculoskeletal lesions by use of gadodiamide injection. Acta Radiol 36:27–36
Ward WG, Spang J, Howe D, Gordon S (2000) Femoral recon nails for metastatic disease: indications, technique and results. Am J Orthop 29:34–42
Whyne CM, Serena S, Lotz JC (2003) Burst fracture in the metastatically involved spine. Spine 28:652–660
Woertler K, Lindner N, Gosher G, Brinkschmidt C, Heindel W (2000) Osteochondroma: MR imaging of tumor-related complications. Eur Radiol 10:832–840
Wang CS, Du LJ, Si MJ, Yin QH, Chen L, Shu M, Yuan F, Fei XC, Ding XY (2013) Noninvasive assessment of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in osteosarcoma of long bones with diffusion-weighted imaging: an initial in vivo study. PLoS One 26(8):e72679
Woertler K (2003) Benign bone tumors and tumor-like lesions: value of cross-sectional imaging. Eur Radiol 13:1820–1835
Van der Woude HJ, Verstraete KL, Hogendoorn PCW, Taminiau AHM, Hermans J, Bloem JL (1998b) Musculoskeletal tumors: does fast dynamic contrast-enhanced subtraction MR imaging contribute to the characterization? Radiology 208:821–828
Van der Woude HJ, Bloem JL, Hogendoorn PCW (1998a) Postoperative evaluation and monitoring chemotherapy in patients with high-grade osteogenic and Ewing sarcoma: review of current imaging modalities. Skelet Radiol 27:57–71
Van der Woude HJ, Bloem JL, Verstraete KL et al (1995) Osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: value of dynamic MR imaging in detecting viable tumor before surgery. Am J Roentgenol 165:593–598
DeWald RL, Bridwell KH, Prodromas C et al (1985) Reconstructive spinal surgery as palliation for metastatic malignancies of the spine. Spine 10:21–26
Wunder JS, Healey JH, Davis AM, Brennan MF (2000) A comparison of staging systems for localized extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer 88:2721–2730
Yakushiji T, Oka K, Sato H, Yorimitsu S, Fujimoto T, Yamashita Y, Mizuta H (2009) Characterization of chondroblastic osteosarcoma: gadolinium-enhanced versus diffusion-weighted MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 29:895–900
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Douis, H., Davies, A.M. (2020). Bone and Soft Tissue Tumours. In: Cassar-Pullicino, V., Davies, A. (eds) Measurements in Musculoskeletal Radiology. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68897-6_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68897-6_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-43853-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-68897-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)