Abstract
Loudness belongs to the category of intensity sensations. The stimulussensa-tion relation cannot be constructed from the just-noticeable intensity variations directly, but has to be obtained from results of other types of measurement such as magnitude estimation. In addition to loudness, loudness level is also important. This is not only a sensation value but belongs somewhere between sensation and physical values. Besides loudness in quiet, we often hear the loudness of partially masked sounds. This loudness occurs when a masking sound is heard in addition to the sound in question. The remaining loudness ranges between a loudness of “zero”, which corresponds to the masked threshold, and the loudness of the partially masked sound is mostly much smaller than the loudness range available for unmasked sound. Partial masking can appear not only with simultaneously presented maskers but also with temporary shifted maskers. Thus the effects of partially masked loudness are both spectral and temporal.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Loudness, Steady-State Effects
Deuter K.: Gedrosselte Lautheit bei tiefen, mittleren und hohen Frequenzen (Partial masked loudness at low, medium and high frequencies). In Fortschritte der Akustik, DAGA’88, 577–580 (DPG, Bad Honnef 1988)
Fasti H.: Lautstärkeunterschiede von Schallen mit Bandbreiten innerhalb einer Frequenzgruppe (Loudness differences of sounds with bandwidths within a critical band). In Proc. F.A.S.E. 75, Koll. 1, 165–173 (1975)
Fasti H.: Methodenvergleich zur Laut heitsbeurt eilung (Comparison of methods for evaluating loudness). In Akustik zwischen Physik und Psychologie, ed. by A. Schick, 103–109 (Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1981)
Fastl H., E. Zwicker: Lautstärkepegel bei 400 Hz: Psychoakustische Messung und Berechnung nach ISO 532 B (Loudness level at 400 Hz: psychoacoustic measurements and calculations according to ISO 532 B). In Fortschritte der Akustik, DAGA’87, 189–192 (DPG, Bad Honnef 1987)
Fastl H., S. Namba, S. Kuwano: Cross-cultural investigations of loudness evaluation for noises. In Contributions to Psychological Acoustics, ed. by A. Schick et al., 354–369 (Kohlrenken, Oldenburg 1986)
Fasti H., A. Jaroszewski, E. Schorer, E. Zwicker: Equal loudness contours between 100 and 1000 Hz for 30, 50, and 70 phon. Acustica 70, 197–201 (1990)
Fasti H., W. Schmid, G. Theile, E. Zwicker: Schallpegel im Gehörgang für gleichlaute Schalle aus Kopfhörern oder Lautsprechern (Sound level in the ear canal for equally loud sounds from headphones versus loudspeakers). In Fortschritte der Akustik, DAGA’85, 471–474 (DPG, Bad Honnef 1985)
Feldtkeller R.: Lautheit und Tonheit (Loudness and ratio pitch). Frequenz 17, 207–212 (1963)
Feldtkeller R., E. Zwicker, E. Port: Lautstärke, Verhältnislautheit und Sum-menlautheit (Loudness, ratio loudness and summating loudness). Frequenz 13, 108–117 (1959)
Gleiss N., E. Zwicker: Loudness function in the presence of masking noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36, 393–394 (1964)
Hellman R.P., E. Zwicker: Overall loudness of tone-noise complexes: measured and calculated. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82, S 25 (1987)
Hellman R.P., E. Zwicker: Measured and calculated loudness of complex sounds. In Proc. Inter-Noise’87, Vol. II, 973–976 (1987)
Hellman R.P., E. Zwicker: Loudness of two-tone-noise complexes. In Proc. Inter-Noise ’89, Vol. II, 827–832 (1989)
Scharf B.: Partial masking. Acustica 14, 16–23 (1964)
Zwicker E.: Über psychologische und methodische Grundlagen der Lautheit (Psychological and methodical basis of loudness). Acustica 8, 237–258 (1958)
Zwicker E.: Ein graphisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Lautstärke und der Lautheit aus dem Terzpegeldiagramm (A graphic procedure for the determination of loudness level and loudness form 1/3 octave band spectra). Frequenz 13, 234–238 (1959)
Zwicker E.: Lautstärke und Lautheit (Loudness level and loudness). In Proc. 3rd ICA Stuttgart, 63–78 (1959)
Zwicker E.: Ein Verfahren zur Berechnung der Lautstärke (A procedure for calculating loudness). Acustica 10, 304–308 (1960)
Zwicker E.: Der gegenwärtige Stand der objektiven Lautstärkemessung, Teil I und Teil II (The present state of the art in objective measurements of loudness, Part I and Part II). ATM, V55–6, V55–7 (1961)
Zwicker E.: Über die Lautheit von ungedrosselten und gedrosselten Schallen (On the loudness of unmasked and partially masked sounds). Acustica 13, 194–211 (1963)
Zwicker E., R. Feldtkeller: Über die Lautstärke von gleichförmigen Geräuschen (On the loudness of continuous noises). Acustica 5, 303–316 (1955)
Zwicker E., B. Scharf: A model of loudness summation. Psych. Rev. 72, 3–26 (1965)
Zwicker E., Y. Yamada: Lautstärke von Tonkomplexen in Abhängigkeit von der Bandbreite, vom Schallpegel und von zugefügtem Breitbandrauschen (Loudness of complex tones as a function of bandwidth, sound level, and added broad band noise). Acustica 53, 26–30 (1983)
Loudness, Temporal Effects
Bauch H.: Über die Sonderstellung periodischer kurzer Druckimpulse bei der Empfindung der Lautstärke (On the special features of periodic short pressure impulses with respect to the sensation of loudness). Acustica 6, 494–511 (1956)
Chalupper J., H. Fasti: Dynamic loudness model (DLM) for normal and hearing impaired listeners. ACUSTICA/acta Acustica 88, 378–386 (2002)
Fasti H.: Loudness and masking patterns of narrow noise bands. Acustica 33, 266–271 (1975)
Fasti H.: Schallpegel und Lautstärke von Sprache (Sound level and loudness of speech). Acustica 35, 341–345 (1976)
Fasti H.: Loudness of running speech. J. Audiol. Technique 16, 2–13 (1977)
Fasti H.: Average loudness of road traffic noise. In Proc. Inter-Noise’89, Vol. II, 815–820 (1989)
Fasti H.: Beurteilung und Messung der wahrgenommenen äquivalenten Dauerlautheit (Evaluation and measurement of perceived average loudness). In Contributions to Psychological Acoustics , ed. by A. Schick et al. (BIS Uni Oldenburg 1990)
Fasti H.: Masking effects and loudness evaluation. In Recent Trends in Hearing Research (H. Fasti et al. Eds.) Bibliotheks- und Informationssystem der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, 29–50 (1996)
Feldtkeller R.: Die Kurven konstanter Lautstärke für Dauertöne und für einzelne Druckimpulse (Equal loudness contours for steady-state tones and single pressure impulses). Frequenz 10, 356–358 (1956)
Henning G.B., E. Zwicker: The effect of low-frequency masker on loudness. Submitted to Hearing Research
Kuwano S., H. Fasti: Loudness evaluation of various kinds of non-steady-state sound using the method of continuous judgement by category. In Proc. 13th ICA Belgrade, Vol. 1, 365–368 (1989)
Namba S., S. Kuwano, H. Fasti: On the loudness of impulsive noise and road traffic noise — a comparison between Japanese and German subjects. In Transactions of the Committee on Noise, N 85–01–02, The Acoust. Soc. Jpn. (1985)
Namba S., S. Kuwano, H. Fasti: Loudness of road traffic noise using the method of continuous judgement by category. In Noise as a Public Health Problem, 241–246 (Swedish Council for Building Res., Stockholm 1988)
Oetinger R., E. Port: Ein Verfahren zur Berechnung der Lautstärke von Druckimpulsen (A procedure for calculating the loudness of pressure impulses). In Proc. 3rd ICA Stuttgart, 125–128 (1959)
Port E.: Die Lautstärke von Tonimpulsen verschiedener Dauer (The loudness of tone impulses of different duration). Frequenz 13, 242–245 (1959)
Port E.: Zur Lautstärke einzelner Rauschimpulse (On the loudness of single noise bursts). In Proc. 4th ICA Kopenhagen, H 45 (1962)
Port E.: Über die Lautstärke einzelner kurzer Schallimpulse (On the loudness of single short sound bursts). Acustica 13, 212–223 (1963)
Port E.: Zur Lautstärkeempfindung und Lautstärkemessung von pulsierenden Geräuschen (On the loudness perception and the loudness measurement of pulsating noises). Acustica 13, 224–233 (1963)
Port E.: Die Lautstärke pulsierender Geräusche im diffusen Schallfeld eines Hallraumes (The loudness of pulsating noises in the diffuse sound field of a reverberation room). Acustica 14, 167–173 (1964)
Vogel A.: Ein gemeinsames Funktionsschema zur Beschreibung der Lautheit und der Rauhigkeit (A common model for the description of loudness and roughness). Biol. Cybernetics 18, 31–40 (1975)
Zwicker E.: Temporal effects in simultaneous masking and loudness. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 38, 132–141 (1965)
Zwicker E.: Über die Dynamik der Lautheit (On the dynamics of loudness). In Proc. 5th ICA Liege, B 24 (1965)
Zwicker E.: Ein Beitrag zur Lautstärkemessung impulshaltiger Schalle (A contribution to the measurement of loudness of impulsive sounds). Acustica 17, 11–22 (1966)
Zwicker E.: A model describing temporal effects in loudness and threshold. In Proc. 6th ICA Tokyo, A-3–4 (1968)
Zwicker E.: Der Einfluß der zeitlichen Struktur von Tönen auf die Addition von Teillautheiten (The influence of the time structure of sounds on the addition of partial loudnesses). Acustica 21, 16–25 (1969)
Zwicker E.: Procedure for calculating loudness of temporally variable sounds. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 675–682 (1977).
Zwicker E.: Erratum: J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 283 (1978)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fastl, H., Zwicker, E. (2007). Loudness. In: Psychoacoustics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68888-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68888-4_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-51765-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-68888-4
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)