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Elterliche Fürsorge

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Verhaltensbiologie

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Zusammenfassung

Elterliche Fürsorge (parental care) kann als jegliches Verhalten eines Elters, das zur Erhöhung der Fitness seiner Nachkommen beiträgt, definiert werden (Clutton-Brock 1991). Diese Fürsorge kann schon vor der Geburt beginnen, indem ein Nest oder eine Höhle angelegt wird, in denen die Eier oder Nachkommen heranwachsen. Bei der Fortpflanzung können Mütter durch die Produktion von möglichst großen, nährstoffreichen Eiern oder großen lebend geborenen Jungen deren Entwicklungs- und Überlebenschancen positiv beeinflussen (Mousseau u. Fox 1998). Dieser Aspekt der Brutfürsorge ist als einziger unabhängig vom Verhalten; vielmehr handelt es sich um eine grundlegende Life history-Entscheidung, welche die Anzahl und Größe der Nachkommen betrifft (→ Kap. 2.3). Die Versorgung der Eier bzw. der sich entwickelnden Jungtiere mit Nährstoffen stellt eine weitere Variable der Brutpflege dar. Schließlich sind manche Jungtiere nach dem Schlüpfen oder nach der Geburt noch so unselbständig, dass ihr Überleben entscheidend von elterlicher Versorgung abhängt. Ob und welche Form elterlicher Fürsorge stattfindet, hängt vom Verhältnis der damit zusammenhängenden Vor- und Nachteile ab. Die Vorteile der Fürsorge bestehen aus positiven Effekten auf Überleben, Wachstum und Fortpflanzungserfolg der Nachkommen, wobei letzterer durch erhöhte Attraktivität vermittelt sein kann (Qvarnström u. Price 2001). Die somatischen und ökologischen Kosten der Fürsorge können sich in Form von reduzierter Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit, reduzierter Fekundität bei der nächsten Fortpflanzungsrunde sowie reduzierter Fitness der nächsten Nachkommen niederschlagen. Die Höhe dieser Kosten hängt stark von aktuellen Umweltbedingungen und der Verfassung des betreffenden Elters ab. Verschiedene Tiergruppen und Arten sowie Geschlechter und Individuen unterscheiden sich bezüglich Form und Intensität der Fürsorge in vielfacher Hinsicht. In den ersten vier Abschnitten dieses Kapitels werden die wichtigsten Ursachen dieser Variabilität besprochen.

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© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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(2009). Elterliche Fürsorge. In: Verhaltensbiologie. Springer-Lehrbuch. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68792-4_10

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