Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Self-Incompatibility in Flowering Plants pp 173–191Cite as

‘Self’ Pollen Rejection Through the Intersection of Two Cellular Pathways in the Brassicaceae: Self-Incompatibility and the Compatible Pollen Response

  • Chapter

Abstract

The sporophytic self-incompatibility (SI) system, which operates in the Brassicaceae is primarily controlled by two multi-allelic loci, encoding the SP11/SCR pollen ligand, and the stigma-specific S Receptor Kinase (SRK). Haplotypespecific recognition of SP11/SCR by SRK triggers the activation of SRK's intracellular kinase domain. This is predicted to cause the phosphorylation-mediated recruitment of the ARC1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. ARC1 is predicted to inhibit its substrate by ubiquitination, and recentwork suggests that Exo70A1 is a target of ARC1. Exo70A1 is predicted to regulate targeted secretion and is required in the stigma to promote compatible pollen hydration, germination and pollen tube growth. SRK is also known to interact with a number of other proteins, including the M locus protein kinase (MLPK), which may function with SRK to co-regulate ARC1. Here we review our present knowledge of the various cellular components that act in concert during the SI response.We also discuss the cellular mechanisms of how SI can cause pollen rejection through the inhibition of stigmatic factors that promote compatible pollen acceptance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bower MS, Matias DD, Fernandes-Carvalho E, Mazzurco M, Gu T, Rothstein SJ, Goring DR (1996) Two members of the thioredoxin-h family interact with the kinase domain of a Brassica S-locus receptor kinase. Plant Cell 8:1641-1650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd C, Hughes T, Pypaert M, Novick P (2004) Vesicles carry most exocyst subunits to exocytic sites marked by the remaining two subunits, Sec3p and Exo70p. J Cell Biol 167:889-901

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyes DC and Nasrallah JB (1993) Physical linkage of the SLG and SRK genes at the self-incompatibility locus of Brassica oleracea. Mol Gen Genet 236:369-373

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cabrillac D, Cock JM, Dumas C, Gaude T (2001) The S-locus receptor kinase is inhibited by thioredoxins and activated by pollen coat proteins. Nature 410:220-223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton J, Bujny M, Rutherford A, Cullen P (2005) Sorting nexins-unifying trends and new perspectives. Traffic 6:75-82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carter AL, Williams ST, McNeilly T (1975) Scanning electron-microscope studies of pollen behavior on immature and mature brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) stigmas. Euphytica 24:133-141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke A, Gleeson P, Harrison S, Knox RB (1979) Pollen-stigma interactions: Identification and characterization of surface components with recognition potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:3358-3362

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole RA, Fowler JE (2006) Polarized growth: Maintaining focus on the tip. Curr Opin Plant Biol 9:579-588

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dearnaley JD, Levina NN, Lew RR, Heath IB, Goring DR (1997) Interrelationships between cyto-plasmic Ca2+ peaks, pollen hydration and plasma membrane conductances during compatible and incompatible pollinations of Brassica napus papillae. Plant Cell Physiol 38:985-999

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dearnaley JDW, Daggard GA (2001) Expression of a polygalacturonase enzyme in germinating pollen of Brassica napus. Sex Plant Reprod 13:265-271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson H (1995) Dry stigmas, water and self-incompatibility in Brassica. Sex Plant Reprod 8:1-10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson HG, Elleman CJ, Doughty J (2000) Pollen coatings - chimaeric genetics and new functions. Sex Plant Reprod 12:302-309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doughty J, Hedderson F, McCubbin A, Dickinson H (1993) Interaction between a coating-borne peptide of the Brassica pollen grain and stigmatic S (self-incompatibility)-locus-specific glycoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:467-471

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edlund AF, Swanson R, Preuss D (2004) Pollen and stigma structure and function: The role of diversity in pollination. Plant Cell 16(Suppl):S84-S97

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elleman CJ, Dickinson HG (1990) The role of the exine coating in pollen-stigma interactions in Brassica oleracea. New Phytol 114:511-518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elleman CJ, Dickinson HG (1996) Identification of pollen components regulating pollination-specific responses in the stigmatic papillae of Brassica oleracea. New Phytol 133:197-205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elleman CJ, Dickinson HG (1999) Commonalties between pollen/stigma and host/pathogen inter-actions: Calcium accumulation during stigmatic penetration by Brassica oleracea pollen tubes. Sex Plant Reprod 12:194-202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elleman CJ, Franklin-Tong V, Dickinson HG (1992) Pollination in species with dry stigmas: The nature of the early stigmatic response and the pathway taken by pollen tubes. New Phytol 121:413-424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gendron JM, Wang ZY (2007) Multiple mechanisms modulate brassinosteroid signaling. Curr Opin Plant Biol 10:436-441

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giranton JL, Dumas C, Cock JM, Gaude T (2000) The integral membrane S-locus receptor kinase of Brassica has serine/threonine kinase activity in a membranous environment and spontaneously forms oligomers in planta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:3759-3764

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goring DR, Rothstein SJ (1992) The S-locus receptor kinase gene in a self-incompatible Brassica napus line encodes a functional serine/threonine kinase. Plant Cell 4:1273-1281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gu T, Mazzurco M, Sulaman W, Matias DD, Goring DR (1998) Binding of an arm repeat protein to the kinase domain of the S-locus receptor kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:382-387

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haffani YZ, Gaude T, Cock JM, Goring DR (2004) Antisense suppression of thioredoxin h mRNA in Brassica napus cv. Westar pistils causes a low level constitutive pollen rejection response. Plant Mol Biol 55:619-630

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatakeyama S, Nakayama KI (2003) U-box proteins as a new family of ubiquitin ligases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 302:635-645

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heslop-Harrison J (1979) An interpretation of the hydrodynamics of pollen. Am J Bot 66:737-743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hiscock SJ, Dewey FM, Coleman JOD, Dickinson HG (1994) Identification and localization of an active cutinase in the pollen of Brassica napus L. Planta 193:377-384

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiscock SJ, Doughty J, Willis AC, Dickinson HG (1995) A 7-kDa pollen coating-borne pep-tide from Brassica napus interacts with S-locus glycoprotein and S-locus-related glycoprotein. Planta 196:367-374

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiscock SJ, Bown D, Gurr SJ, Dickinson HG (2002) Serine esterases are required for pollen tube penetration of the stigma in Brassica. Sex Plant Reprod 15:65-74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hulskamp M, Kopczak SD, Horejsi TF, Kihl BK, Pruitt RE (1995) Identification of genes required for pollen-stigma recognition in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 8:703-714

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwano M, Shiba H, Funato M, Shimosato H, Takayama S, Isogai A (2003) Immunohistochemical studies on translocation of pollen S-haplotype determinant in self-incompatibility of Brassica rapa. Plant Cell Physiol 44:428-436

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwano M, Shiba H, Miwa T, Che FS, Takayama S, Nagai T, Miyawaki A, Isogai A (2004) Ca2+ dynamics in a pollen grain and papilla cell during pollination of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 136:3562-3571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwano M, Shiba H, Matoba K, Miwa T, Funato M, Entani T, Nakayama P, Shimosato H, Takaoka A, Isogai A, Takayama S (2007) Actin dynamics in papilla cells of Brassica rapa during self-and cross-pollination. Plant Physiol 144:72-81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson KL, Ingram GC (2005) Sending the right signals: Regulating receptor kinase activity. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8:648-656

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kachroo A, Schopfer CR, Nasrallah ME, Nasrallah JB (2001) Allele-specific receptor-ligand interactions in Brassica self-incompatibility. Science 293:1824-1826

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kakita M, Shimosato H, Murase K, IsogaiA,TakayamaS (2007a) Direct interaction between S-locus receptor kinase and M-locus protein kinase involved in Brassica self-incompatibility signaling. Plant Biotechnol 24:185-190

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kakita M, Murase K, Iwano M, Matsumoto T, Watanabe M, Shiba H, Isogai A, Takayama S (2007b) Two distinct forms of M Locus Protein Kinase localize to the plasma membrane and interact directly with S-Locus Receptor Kinase to transduce self-incompatibility signaling in Brassica rapa. Plant Cell 19:3961-3973

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HU, Chung TY, Kang SK (1996) Characterization of anther-specific genes encoding a putative pectin esterase of Chinese cabbage. Mol Cell 6:334-340

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kusaba M, Dwyer K, Hendershot J, Vrebalov J, Nasrallah JB, Nasrallah ME (2001) Self-incompatibility in the genus Arabidopsis: Characterization of the S-locus in the outcrossing A. lyrata and its autogamous relative A. thaliana. Plant Cell 13:627-643

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lolle SJ, Cheung AY (1993) Promiscuous germination and growth of wildtype pollen from Ara-bidopsis and related species on the shoot of the Arabidopsis mutant, fiddlehead. Dev Biol 155:250-258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lolle SJ, Berlyn GP, Engstrom EM, Krolikowski KA, Reiter WD, Pruitt RE (1997) Developmental regulation of cell interactions in the Arabidopsis fiddlehead-1 mutant: A role for the epidermal cell wall and cuticle. Dev Biol 189:311-321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luu DT, Heizmann P, Dumas C (1997a) Pollen-stigma adhesion in kale is not dependent on the self-incompatibility genotype. Plant Physiol 115:1221-1230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luu DT, Heizmann P, Dumas C, Trick M, Cappadocia M (1997b) Involvement of SLR1 genes in pollen adhesion to the stigmatic surface in Brassicaceae. Sex Plant Reprod 10:227-235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luu DT, Marty-Mazars D, Trick M, Dumas C, Heizmann P (1999) Pollen-stigma adhesion in Brassica spp involves SLG and SLR1 glycoproteins. Plant Cell 11:251-262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mattison O, Knox RB, Heslopha J, Heslopha Y (1974) Protein pellicle of stigmatic papillae as a probable recognition site in incompatible reactions. Nature 247:298-300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayfield JA, Fiebig A, Johnstone SE, Preuss D (2001) Gene families from the Arabidopsis thaliana pollen coat proteome. Science 292:2482-2485

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzurco M, Sulaman W, Elina H, Cock JM, Goring DR (2001) Further analysis of the interactions between the Brassica S receptor kinase and three interacting proteins (ARC1, THL1 and THL2) in the yeast two-hybrid system. Plant Mol Biol 45:365-376

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Micheli F (2001) Pectin methylesterases: Cell wall enzymes with important roles in plant physiology. Trends Plant Sci 6:414-419

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munson M, Novick P (2006) The exocyst defrocked, a framework of rods revealed. Nat Struct Mol Biol 13:577-581

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murase K, Shiba H, Iwano M, Che FS, Watanabe M, Isogai A, Takayama S (2004) A membrane-anchored protein kinase involved in Brassica self-incompatibility signaling. Science 303:1516-1519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy DJ (2006) The extracellular pollen coat of the Brassicaceae: Composition, biosynthesis, and functions in pollination. Protoplasma 228:31-38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nasrallah ME, Liu P, Sherman-Broyles S, Boggs NA, Nasrallah JB (2004) Natural variation in expression of self-incompatibility in Arabidopsis thaliana: implications for the evolution of selfing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:16070-16074

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nekrasov V, Ludwig AA, Jones JD (2006) CITRX thioredoxin is a putative adaptor protein con-necting Cf-9 and the ACIK1 protein kinase during the Cf-9/Avr9- induced defence response. FEBS Lett 580:4236-4241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ockendon DJ (1972) Pollen tube growth and the site of the incompatibility reaction in Brassica oleracea. New Phytol 71:519-522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paetsch M, Mayland-Quellhorst S, Neuffer B (2006) Evolution of the self-incompatibility sys-tem in the Brassicaceae: Identification of S-locus receptor kinase (SRK) in self-incompatible Capsella grandiflora. Heredity 97:283-290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palanivelu R, Brass L, Edlund AF, Preuss D (2003) Pollen tube growth and guidance is regulated by POP2, an Arabidopsis gene that controls GABA levels. Cell 114:47-59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pawson T (2002) Regulation and targets of receptor tyrosine kinases. Eur J Cancer 38(Suppl 5):S3-S10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preuss D, Lemieux B, Yen G, Davis RW (1993) A conditional sterile mutation eliminates surface components from Arabidopsis pollen and disrupts cell signaling during fertilization. Gene Dev 7:974-985

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pruitt RE, Vielle-Calzada JP, Ploense SE, Grossniklaus U, Lolle SJ (2000) FIDDLEHEAD, a gene required to suppress epidermal cell interactions in Arabidopsis, encodes a putative lipid biosynthetic enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:1311-1316

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivas S, Rougon-Cardoso A, Smoker M, Schauser L, Yoshioka H, Jones JD (2004) CITRX thiore-doxin interacts with the tomato Cf-9 resistance protein and negatively regulates defence. EMBO J 23:2156-2165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts IN, Stead AD, Ockendon DJ, Dickinson HG (1980) Pollen stigma interactions in Brassica oleracea. Theor Appl Genet 58:241-246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts IN, Harrod G, Dickinson HG (1984) Pollen-stigma interactions in Brassica oleracea. I. Ultrastructure and physiology of the stigmatic papillar cells. J Cell Sci 66:241-253

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samuel MA, Salt JN, Shiu SH, Goring DR (2006) Multifunctional arm repeat domains in plants. Int Rev Cytol 253:1-26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samuel MA, Mudgil Y, Salt JN, Delmas F, Ramachandran S, Chilelli A, Goring DR (2008a) Inter-actions between the S-Domain receptor kinases and AtPUB-ARM E3 ubiquitin ligases suggest a conserved signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol Jun 13 [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuel MA, Chong YT, Aldea-Brydges MG, Haasen KE, Stone SL, Goring DR (2008b) BnExo70A1 is essential for compatible pollinations and is regulated by Brassica self-incompatibility. Submitted

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarker RH, Elleman CJ, Dickinson HG (1988) Control of pollen hydration in Brassica requires continued protein synthesis, and glycosylation in necessary for intraspecific incompatibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:4340-4344

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sato Y, Okamoto S, Nishio T (2004) Diversification and alteration of recognition specificity of the pollen ligand SP11/SCR in self-incompatibility of Brassica and Raphanus. Plant Cell 16:3230-3241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schierup MH, Mable BK, Awadalla P, Charlesworth D (2001) Identification and characterization of a polymorphic receptor kinase gene linked to the self-incompatibility locus of Arabidopsis lyrata. Genetics 158:387-399.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schopfer CR, Nasrallah ME, Nasrallah JB (1999) The male determinant of self-incompatibility in Brassica. Science 286:1697-1700

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimosato H, Yokota N, Shiba H, Iwano M, Entani T, Che FS, Watanabe M, Isogai A, Takayama S (2007) Characterization of the SP11/SCR high-affinity binding site involved in self/nonself recognition in Brassica self-incompatibility. Plant Cell 19:107-117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silva NF, Stone SL, Christie LN, Sulaman W, Nazarian KA, Burnett LA, Arnoldo MA, Rothstein SJ, Goring DR (2001) Expression of the S receptor kinase in self-compatible Brassica napus cv. Westar leads to the allele-specific rejection of self-incompatible Brassica napus pollen. Mol Genet Genom 265:552-559

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stead AD, Roberts IN, Dickinson HG (1980) Pollen-stigma interaction in Brassica oleracea: the role of stigmatic proteins in pollen grain adhesion. J Cell Sci 42:417-423

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein JC, Nasrallah JB (1993) A plant receptor-like gene, the S-locus receptor kinase of Brassica oleracea L., encodes a functional serine/threonine kinase. Plant Physiol 101:1103-1106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone SL, Arnoldo M, Goring DR (1999) A breakdown of Brassica self-incompatibility in ARC1 antisense transgenic plants. Science 286:1729-1731

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone SL, Anderson EM, Mullen RT, Goring DR (2003) ARC1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and pro-motes the ubiquitination of proteins during the rejection of self-incompatible Brassica pollen. Plant Cell 15:885-898

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson R, Edlund AF, Preuss D (2004) Species specificity in pollen-pistil interactions. Annu Rev Genet 38:793-818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takasaki T, Hatakeyama K, Suzuki G, Watanabe M, Isogai A, Hinata K (2000) The S receptor kinase determines self-incompatibility in Brassica stigma. Nature 403:913-916

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takayama S, Shiba H, Iwano M, Shimosato H, Che FS, Kai N, Watanabe M, Suzuki G, Hinata K, Isogai A (2000a) The pollen determinant of self-incompatibility in Brassica campestris. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:1920-1925

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takayama S, Shiba H, Iwano M, Asano K, Hara M, Che FS, Watanabe M, Hinata K, Isogai A (2000b). Isolation and characterization of pollen coat proteins of Brassica campestris that inter-act with S-locus-related glycoprotein 1 involved in pollen-stigma adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:3765-3770

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takayama S, Shimosato H, Shiba H, Funato M, Che FS, Watanabe M, Iwano M, Isogai A (2001) Direct ligand-receptor complex interaction controls Brassica self-incompatibility. Nature 413:534-538

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanoosthuyse V, Tichtinsky G, Dumas C, Gaude T, Cock JM (2003) Interaction of calmodulin, a sorting nexin and kinase-associated protein phosphatase with the Brassica oleracea S-locus receptor kinase. Plant Physiol 133:919-929

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vieira Dos Santos C, Rey P (2006) Plant thioredoxins are key actors in the oxidative stress response. Trends Plant Sci 11:329-334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yephremov A, Wisman E, Huijser P, Huijser C, Wellesen K, Saedler H (1999) Characterization of the FIDDLEHEAD gene of Arabidopsis reveals a link between adhesion response and cell differentiation in the epidermis. Plant Cell 11:2187-2201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zuberi MI, Dickinson HG (1985) Pollen-stigma interaction in Brassica. III. Hydration of the pollen grains. J Cell Sci 76:321-336

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zinkl GM, Zwiebel BI, Grier DG, Preuss D (1999) Pollen-stigma adhesion in Arabidopsis: A species-specific interaction mediated by lipophilic molecules in the pollen exine. Development 126:5431-5440

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada

    M. A. Samuel, D. Yee, K. E. Haasen & D. R. Goring

Authors
  1. M. A. Samuel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. Yee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. E. Haasen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. D. R. Goring
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Samuel, M.A., Yee, D., Haasen, K.E., Goring, D.R. (2008). ‘Self’ Pollen Rejection Through the Intersection of Two Cellular Pathways in the Brassicaceae: Self-Incompatibility and the Compatible Pollen Response. In: Self-Incompatibility in Flowering Plants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68486-2_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation