Skip to main content

Liver Transplantation

  • Chapter
Imaging in Transplantation

Abstract

Liver transplantation is an established, effective and often lifesaving treatment for acute and chronic endstage liver disease. Over the last four decades major advances in diagnosis, preoperative patient assessment, donor organ preservation, immunosuppressive therapy, surgical, anaesthetic and intensive care techniques, and improved assessment and management of postoperative complications have resulted in increased patient and graft survival. Currently patients with chronic liver disease undergoing liver transplantation have a 1-year survival of 85–96%, and a 5-year survival of greater than 70% (Busuttil and Lake 2004).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abdalla EK, Denys A, Chevalier P, Nemr RA, Vauthey JN (2004) Total and segmental liver volume variations: implications for liver surgery. Surgery 135:404–410

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Busuttil RW, Lake JR (2004) Role of tacrolimus in the evolution of liver transplantation. Transplantation 77: S44–S51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falchetti D, de Carvalho FB, Clapuyt P, de Ville de Goyet, de Hemptinne B, Claus D, Otte JB (1991) Liver transplantation in children with biliary atresia and polysplenia syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 5:528–531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graziadei IW, Wiesner RH, Batts KP, Marotta PJ, LaRusso NF, Porayko MK, Hay E, Gores GJ, Charlton MR, Ludwig J, Poterucha JJ, Steers JL, Krom RAF (1999) Recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis following liver transplantation. Hepatology 29:1050–1056

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hesselink EJ, Slooff MJH, Schuur KH, Bijleveld CH, Gips CH (1987) Consequences of hepatic artery pathology after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 19:2476–2477

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higashiyama H, Yamaguchi T, Mori K, Nakano Y, Yokoyama T, Takeuchi T, Yamamoto N, Yamaoka Y, Tanaka K, Kumada K (1993) Graft size assessment by preoperative computed tomography in living related partial liver transplantation. Br J Surg 80:489–492

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawasaki S, Makuuchi M, Matsunami H, Hashikura Y, Ikegami T, Nakazawa Y, Chisuwa H, Terada M, Miyagawa S (1998) Living related liver transplantation in adults. Ann Surg 227:269–274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langnas AN, Marujo W, Stratta RJ, Wood RP, Shaw BW Jr (1991) Vascular complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Surg 161:76–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Llovet JM, Schwartz M, Mazzaferro V (2005) Resection and liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 25(2):181–200

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lo CM, Fan ST, Liu CL, Chan JK, Lam BK, Lau GK, Wei WI, Wong J (1999) Minimum graft size for successful living donor liver transplantation. Transplantation 68:1112–1116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, Andreola S, Pulvirenti A, Bozzetti F, Montalto F, Ammatuna M, Morabito A, Gennari L (1996) Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 334(ll):693–699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pugh RNH, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL et al (1973) Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg 60:646–649

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starzl TE, Marchioro TL, Von Kaulla K et al (1963) Homotransplantation of the liver in humans. Surg Gynecol Obstet 117:659–676

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutcliffe R, Maguire D, Mroz A, Portmann B, O’Grady J, Bowles M, Muiesan P, Rela M, Heaton N (2004) Bile duct strictures after adult liver transplantation: a role for biliary reconstructive surgery? Liver Transpl 10(7):928–934

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker ON, Heaton N (2005) The“small for size”liver syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care 11(2):150–155

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vauthey JN, Chaoui A, Do KA, Bilimoria MM, Fenstermacher MJ, Charnsangavej C, Hicks M, Alsfasser G, Lauwers G, Hawkins IF, Caridi J (2000) Standardized measurement of the future liver remnant prior to extended liver resection: methodology and clinical associations. Surgery 127:512–519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM, Watson JJ, Bacchetti P, Venook A, Ascher NL, Roberts JP (2001) Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. Hepatology 33(6):1394–1403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM, Bacchetti P, Ascher NL, Roberts JP (2002) Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of the proposed UCSF criteria with the Milan criteria and the Pittsburgh modified TNM criteria. Liver Transpl 8(9):765–774

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zajko AB, Campbell WL, Logsdon GA, Bron KM, Tzakis A, Esquivel CO, Starzl TE (1987) Cholangiographic findings in hepatic artery occlusion after liver transplantation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 149(3):485–489

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  • Alonso-Torres A, Fernandez-Cuadrado J, Pinilla I et al (2005) Multidetector CT in the evaluation of potential living donors for liver transplantation. Radiographies 25(4):1017–1030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bassignani MJ, Fulcher AS, Szucs RA et al (2001) Use of imaging for living donor liver transplantation. Radiographics 21(l):39–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Ari Z, Amlot P, Lachmanan SR et al (1999) Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder in liver recipients: characteristics, management, and outcome. Liver Transpl Surg 5(3):184–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berry JD, Sidhu PS (2004) Microbubble contrast-enhanced ultrasound in liver transplantation. Eur Radiol 14[Suppl 8]:P96–P103

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boraschi P, Donati F, Gigoni R et al (2004) Ischemic-type biliary lesions in liver transplant recipients: evaluation with magnetic resonance cholangiography. Transplant Proc 36:2744–2747

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brancatelli G, Katyal S, Federle MP et al (2002) Three-dimensional multislice helical computed tomography with the volume rendering technique in the detection of vascular complications after liver transplantation. Transplantation 27;73(2):237–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng YF, Chen CL, Huang TL et al (2004) 3DCT angiography for detection of vascular complications in pediatric liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 10(2):248–252

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho JY, Suh KS, Kwon CH et al (2006) Outcome of donors with a remnant liver volume of less than 35% after right hepatectomy. Liver Transpl 12(2):201–206

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho KC, Patel YD, Wachsberg RH et al (1995) Varices in portal hypertension: evaluation with CT. Radiographics 15(3):609–622

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chong WK (2004) Ultrasound evaluat ion of liver transplants. Abdom Imaging 29(2):180–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chu WC, Yeung DT, Lee KH et al (2005) Feasibility of morphologic assessment of vascular and biliary anatomy in pediatric liver transplantation: all-in-one protocol with breath-hold magnetic resonance. J Pediatr Surg 40:1605–1611

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cochat P, Gaulier JM, Koch Nogueira PC et al (1999) Combined liver-kidney transplantation in primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Eur J Pediatr 158[Suppl 2]:S75–S80

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crossin JD, Muradali D, Wilson SR (2003) US of livertransplants: normal and abnormal. Radiographies 23(5):1093–1114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deshpande RR, Heaton ND, Rela M (2002) Surgical anatomy of segmental liver transplantation. Br J Surg 89(9):1078–1088

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erbay N, Raptopoulos V, Pomfret EA et al (2003) Living donor liver transplantation in adults: vascular variants important in surgical planning for donors and recipients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 181(l):109–114

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eubank WB, Wherry KL, Maki JH et al (2002) Preoperative evaluation of patients awaiting liver transplantation: comparison of multiphasic contrast-enhanced 3D magnetic resonance to helical computed tomography examinations. J Magn Reson Imaging 16:565–575

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Federle MP, Kapoor V (2003) Complications of liver transplantation: imaging and intervention. Radiol Clin North Am 41(6):1289–1305

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finn JP, Edelman RR, Jenkins R Let al (1991) Liver transplantation: MR angiography with surgical validation. Radiology 179:265–269

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulcher AS, Szucs RA, Bassignani MJ et al (2001) Right lobe living donor liver transplantation: preoperative evaluation of the donor with MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176(6):1483–1491

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gemmete JJ, Mueller GC, Carlos RC (2006) Liver transplantation in adults: postoperative imaging evaluation and interventional management of complications. Semin Roentgenol 41(l):36–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goyen M, Barkhausen J, Debatin JF et al (2002). Right-lobe living related liver transplantation: evaluation of a comprehensive magnetic resonance imaging protocol for assessing potential donors. Liver Transpl 8:241–250

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guiney MJ, Kruskal JB, Sosna J et al (2003) Multi-detector row CT of relevant vascular anatomy of the surgical plane in split-liver transplantation. Radiology 229(2):401–407

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haustein J, Niendorf HP, Krestin G et al (1992) Renal tolerance of gadolinium-DTPA/dimeglumine in patients with chronic renal failure. Invest Radiol 27:153–156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holland AE, Hecht EM, Hahn WY et al (2005) Importance of small (<-20-mm) enhancing lesions seen only during the hepatic arterial phase at MR imaging of the cirrhotic liver: evaluation and comparison with whole explanted liver. Radiology 237:938–944

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inomata Y, Uemoto S, Asonuma K et al (2000) Right lobe graft in living donor liver transplantation. Transplantation 69(2):258–264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishifuro M, Horiguchi J, Nakashige A et al (2002) Use of multidetector row CT with volume renderings in right lobe living liver transplantation. Eur Radiol 12(10):2477–2483

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jang HJ, Lim JH, Lee SJ et al (2000) Hepatocellular carcinoma: are combined CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography in addition to triple-phase helical CT all necessary for preoperative evaluation? Radiology 15(2):373–380

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamel IR, Raptopoulos V, Pomfret EA et al (2000) Living adult right lobe liver transplantation: imaging before surgery with multidetector multiphase CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175(4):1141–1143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamel IR, Kruskal JB, Keogan MT et al (2001a) Multidetector CT of potential right-lobe liver donors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 177(3):645–651

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamel IR, Kruskal JB, Pomfret EA et al (2001b) Impact of multidetector CT on donor selection and surgical planning before living adult right lobe liver transplantation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176(l):193–200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamel IR, Kruskal JB, Warmbrand G et al (2001c) Accuracy of volumetric measurements after virtual right hepatectomy in potential donors undergoing living adult liver transplantation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176(2):483–487

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamel IR, Erbay N, Warmbrand G et al (2003) Liver regeneration after living adult right lobe transplantation. Abdom Imaging 28(l):53–57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang BK, Lim JH, Kim SH et al (2003) Preoperative depiction of hepatocellular carcinoma: ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging versus triple-phase helical CT. Radiology 226(l):79–85

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keeffe EB (2000) Liver transplantation at the millennium. Past, present, and future. Clin Liver Dis 4(l):241–255

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim BS, Kim TK, Jung DJ et al (2003) Vascular complications after living related liver transplantation: evaluation with gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 181:467–474

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim YK, Kwak HS, Kim CS et al (2006a) Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: comparison of SPIO-enhanced MR imaging and 16-detector row CT. Radiology 238(2):531–541

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ko EY, Kim TK, Kim PN et al (2003) Hepatic vein stenosis after living donor liver transplantation: evaluation with Doppler US. Radiology 229(3):806–810

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ko GY, Sung KB, Yoon HK et al (2002) Endovascular treatment of hepatic venous outflow obstruction after living-donor liver transplantation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 13(6):591–599

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krinsky GA, Lee VS, Theise ND et al (2001) Hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules in patients with cirrhosis: prospective diagnosis with MR imaging and explantation correlation. Radiology 219:445–454

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krinsky GA, Lee VS, Theise ND et al (2002) Transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis: sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging. Liver Transpl 8:1156–1164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruskal JB, Raptopoulos V (2002) How I do it: pre-operative CT scanning for adult living right lobe liver transplantation. Eur Radiol 12(6):1423–1431

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laghi A, Pavone P, Catalano C et al (1999) MR cholangiography of late biliary complications after liver transplantation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172:1541–1546

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langnas AN, Marujo W, Stratta RJ et al (1991) Vascular complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Surg. 161(l):76–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee VS, Morgan GR, Teperman LW et al (2001) MR imaging as the sole preoperative imaging modality for right hepatectomy: a prospective study of living adult-to-adult liver donor candidates. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176:1475–1482

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee VS, Krinsky GA, Nazzaro CA et al (2004) Defining intrahepatic biliary anatomy in living liver transplant donor candidates at mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced MR cholangiography versus conventional T2-weighted MR cholangiography. Radiology 233:659–666

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lemke AJ, Brinkmann MJ, Pascher A et al (2003) [Accuracy of the CT-estimated weight of the right hepatic lobe prior to living related liver donation (LRLD) for predicting the intraoperatively measured weight of the graft.] Rofo 175:1232–1238

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Letourneau JG, Castaneda-Zuniga WR (1990) The role of radiology in the diagnosis and treatment of biliary complications after liver transplantation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 13(4):278–282

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liebig T, Stoupis C, Ros PR et al (1993) A potentially artifactfree oral contrast agent for gastrointestinal MRI. Magn Reson Med 30:646–649

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim JH, Park CK (2004) Hepatocellular carcinoma in advanced liver cirrhosis: CT detection in transplant patients. Abdom Imaging 29(2):203–207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim JS, Kim MJ, Kim JH et al (2005a) Preoperative MRI of potential living-donor-related liver transplantation using a single dose of gadobenate dimeglumine. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185(2):424–431

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim JS, Kim MJ, Jung YY, Kim KW (2005b) Gadobenate dimeglumine as an intrabiliary contrast agent: comparison with mangafodipir trisodium with respect to non-dilated biliary tree depiction. Korean J Radiol 6:229–234

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lo CM, Fan ST, Chan JK et al (1999) Minimum graft volume for successful adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Transplantation 62(5):696–698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsman WA, Wiesner RH, Rodriguez L et al (1996) Use of fatty donor liver is associated with diminished early patient and graft survival. Transplantation 62(9):1246–1251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R et al (1996) Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 334:693–699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michels NA (1966) Newer anatomy of the liver and its variant blood supply and collateral circulation. Am J Surg 112(3):337–347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mori K, Scheidler J, Helmberger T et al (2002) Detection of malignant hepatic lesions before orthotopic liver transplantation: accuracy of ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 179:1045–1051

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mortele KJ, Cantisani V, Troisi R et al (2003) Preoperative liver donor evaluation: imaging and pitfalls. Liver Transpl 9(9):S6–S14

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolau C, Vilana R, Bru C (2004) The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the management of the cirrhotic patient and for detection of HCC. Eur Radiol 14[Suppl 8]:P63–P71

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandharipande PV, Lee VS, Morgan GR et al (2001) Vascular and extravascular complications of liver transplantation: comprehensive evaluation with three-dimensional contrast-enhanced volumetric MR imaging and MR cholangiopancreatography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 177:1101–1107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersein J, Spinazzi A, Giovagnoni A et al (2000) Focal liver lesions: evaluation of the efficacy of gadobenate dimeglumine in MR imaging — a multicenter phase III clinical study. Radiology 215:727–736

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pomfret EA, Pomposelli JJ, Lewis WD et al (2001) Live donor adult liver transplantation using right lobe grafts: donor evaluation and surgical outcome. Arch Surg 136(4):425–433

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prince MR, Arnoldus C, Frisoli JK (1996) Nephrotoxicity of high-dose gadolinium compared with iodinated contrast. J Magn Reson Imaging 6:162–166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quiroga J, Colina I, Demetris AJ et al (1991) Cause and timing of first allograft failure in orthotopic liver transplantation: a study of 177 consecutive patients. Hepatology 14(6):1054–1062

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raptopoulos V, Karellas A, Bernstein et al (1991) Value of dual-energy CT in differentiating focal fatty infiltration of the liver from low-density masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 157(4):721–725

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redvanly RD, Nelson RC, Stieber AC et al (1995) Imaging in the preoperative evaluation of adult liver-transplant candidates: goals, merits of various procedures, and recommendations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 164(3):611–617

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renz JF, Busuttil RW (2000) Adult-to-adult living-donor liver transplantation: a critical analysis. Semin Liver Dis 20(4):411–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rode A, Bancel B, Douek P et al (2001) Small nodule detection in cirrhotic livers: evaluation with US, spiral CT, and MRI and correlation with pathologic examination of explanted liver. J Comput Assist Tomogr 25:327–336

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rofsky NM, Weinreb JC, Bosniak MA et al (1991) Renal lesion characterization with gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging: efficacy and safety in patients with renal insufficiency. Radiology 180:85–89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahani D, D’souza R, Kadavigere R et al (2004a) Preoperative hepatic vascular evaluation with CT and MR angiography: implications for surgery. Radiographics 24(5):1367–1380

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder T, Malago M, Debatin JF et al (2005) “All-in-one” imaging protocols for the evaluation of potential living liver donors: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and multidetector computed tomography. Liver Transpl 11:776–787

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder T, Radtke A, Kuehl H et al (2006) Evaluation of living liver donors with an all-inclusive 3D multi-detector row CT protocol. Radiology 2006 Jan 26; [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  • Shellock FG, Kanal E (1999) Safety of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. J Magn Reson Imaging 10:477–484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smadja C, Blumgart LH (1994) The biliary tract and the anatomy of biliary exposure. In: Blumgart LH (ed) Surgery of the liver and biliary tract, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Spinazzi A, Lorusso V, Pirovano G et al (1999) Safety, tolerance, biodistribution, and MR imaging enhancement of the liver with gadobenate dimeglumine: results of clinical pharmacologic and pilot imaging studies in nonpatient and patient volunteers. Acad Radiol 6:282–291

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stafford-Johnson DB, Hamilton BH, Dong Q et al (1998) Vascular complications of liver transplantation: evaluation with gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. Radiology 207:153–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taourel P, Bret PM, Reinhold C et al (1996) Anatomic variants of the biliary tree: diagnosis with MR cholangiopancreatography. Radiology 199:521–527

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teefey SA, Hildeboldt CC, Dehdashti F et al (2003) Detection of primary hepatic malignancy in liver transplant candidates: prospective comparison of CT, MR imaging, US, and PET. Radiology 226:533–542

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogl TJ, Pegios W, McMahon C et al (1992) Gadobenate dimeglumine — a new contrast agent for MR imaging: preliminary evaluation in healthy volunteers. AJR Am J Roentgenol 158:887–892

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh BM, Breiman RS, Taouli B et al (2004) Biliary tract depiction in living potential liver donors: comparison of conventional MR, mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced excretory MR, and multi-detector row CT cholangiography-initial experience. Radiology 230(3):645–651

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tucker, O., Heaton, N., Zamboni, G.A., Pedrosa, I., Kruskal, J.B., Raptopoulos, V. (2008). Liver Transplantation. In: Bankier, A.A. (eds) Imaging in Transplantation. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68218-9_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68218-9_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-40229-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-68218-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics