4.3 Conclusion
For evaluating sports related traumatic chondral and osteochondral lesions or assessing the quality of cartilage repair, MR imaging has long since become the most important diagnostic tool. In the future, this will become even more the case as experimental imaging sequences are integrated in routine clinical examinations. The only other imaging modality that can adequately depict the articular surface is CT-arthrography. This technique is, however, unable to demonstrate bone marrow edema, an imaging finding with high clinical significance.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alparslan L, Minas T, Winalski C (2001) Magnetic resonance imaging of autologous chondrocyte implantation. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 22:341–351
Bayliss MT, Ali SY (1981) Age-related-changes in human articularcartilage proteoglycans. Semin Arthritis Rheum 11:20–21
Beltran J, Shankman S (2001) MR imaging of bone lesions of the ankle and foot. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 9:553–566
Berndt A, Harty M (1959) Transchondral fractures (osteochondritis dissecans) of the talus. J Bone Joint Surg Am 41A:988–1020
Biswal S, Hastie T, Andriacchi TP et al. (2002) Risk factors for progressive cartilage loss in the knee. Arthritis Rheum 46:2884–2892
Blevins FT, Steadman JR, Rodrigo JJ et al. (1998) Treatment of articular cartilage defects in athletes: an analysis of functional outcome and lesion appearance. Orthopedics 21:761–768
Bloebaum RD, Radley KM (1995) 3-Dimensional surface-analysis of young-adult human articular-cartilage. J Anat 187:293–301
Bobic V (2000). ICRS MR Imaging protocol for knee articular cartilage. In ICRS Standards Workshop 2000, p 12
Bredella MA, Tirman PFJ, Peterfy CG et al. (1999) Accuracy of T2-weighted fast spin-echo MR imaging with fat saturation in detecting cartilage defects in the knee: comparison with arthroscopy in 130 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172:1073–1080
Brittberg M, Winalski CS (2003) Evaluation of cartilage injuries and repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85A:58–69
Brittberg, M, Aglietti, P, Gambardella, R et al. (2005a). International Cartilage Repair Society ICRS. ICRS [On-line]. Available: http://www.cartilage.org
Brittberg M, Sjogren-Jansson E, Thornemo M et al. (2005b) Clonal growth of human articular cartilage and the functional role of the periosteum in chondrogenesis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13:146–153
Broderick LS, Turner DA, Renfrew DL et al. (1994) Severity of articular-cartilage abnormality in patients with osteoarthritis — evaluation with fast spin-echo MR vs arthroscopy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 162:99–103
Brown WE, Potter HG, Marx RG et al. (2004) Magnetic resonance imaging appearance of cartilage repair in the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res 422:214–223
Buckwalter JA (2002) Articular cartilage injuries. Clin Orthop Relat Res 402:21–37
Cameron ML, Briggs KK, Steadman JR (2003) Reproducibility and reliability of the outerbridge classification for grading chondral lesions of the knee arthroscopically. Am J Sports Med 31:83–86
Cerezal L, Abascal F, Garcia-Valtuille R et al. (2005) Ankle MR arthrography: how, why, when. Radiol Clin North Am 43:693–707
Chung CB, Isaza IL, Angulo M et al. (2005) MR arthrography of the knee: how, why, when. Radiol Clin North Am 43:733–746
Curl WW, Krome J, Gordon ES et al. (1997) Cartilage injuries: a review of 31,516 knee arthroscopies. Arthroscopy 13:456–460
De Smet A, Fisher D, Graf B et al. (1990) Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: value of MR imaging in determining lesion stability and the presence of articular cartilage defects. AJR Am J Roentgenol 155:549–553
Disler DG, Peters TL, Muscoreil SJ et al. (1994) Fat-suppressed spoiled GRASS imaging of knee hyaline cartilage: technique optimization and comparison with conventional MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 163:887–892
Disler DG, McCauley TR, Wirth CR et al. (1995) Detection of knee hyaline cartilage defects using fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo MR imaging: comparison with standard MR imaging and correlation with arthroscopy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 165:377–382
Disler D, McCauley T, Kelman C et al. (1996) Fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo MR imaging of hyaline cartilage defects in the knee: comparison with standard MR imaging and arthroscopy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 167:127–132
Dupas B, Frampas E, Leaute F et al. (2005) Complications of fluoroscopy-, ultrasound-, and CT-guided percutaneous interventional procedures. J Radiol 86:586–598
Erickson SJ, Waldschmidt JG, Czervionke LF et al. (1996) Hyaline cartilage: truncation artifact as a cause of trilaminar appearance with fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled sequences. Radiology 201:260–264
Eyre DR, Wu JJ, Woods PE (1991) The cartilage collagens — structural and metabolic studies. J Rheumatol 18:49–51
Fuller JA, Ghadially FN (1972) Ultrastructural observations on surgically produced partial-thickness defects in articular-cartilage. Clin Orthop Relat Res 86:193–205
Ghadially FN, Thomas I, Oryschak AF et al. (1977a) Long-term results of superficial defects in articular-cartilage — scanning electron-microscope study. J Pathol 121:213–217
Ghadially JA, Ghadially R, Ghadially FN (1977b) Long-term results of deep defects in articular-cartilage — scanning electron-microscope study. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 25:125–136
Gillogly SD, Myers TH (2005) Treatment of full-thickness chondral defect with autologous chondrocyte implantation. Orthop Clin North Am 36:433–446
Gurr E, Mohr W, Pallasch G (1985) Proteoglycans from human articular cartilage: the effect of joint location on the structure. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 23:811–819
Homminga GN, Bulstra SK, Bouwmeester PS et al. (1990) Perichondral grafting for cartilage lesions of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br 72B:1003–1007
Huber M, Trattning S, Lintner F (2000) Anatomy, biochemistry and physiology of articular cartilage. Invest Radiol 35:573–580
Imhof H, Sulzbacher I, Grampp S et al. (2000) Subchondral bone and cartilage disease — a rediscovered functional unit. Invest Radiol 35:581–588
Imhof H, Nobauer-Huhmann IM, Krestan C et al. (2002) MRI of the cartilage. Eur Radiol 12:2781–2793
Johnson D, Urban W, Caborn D et al. (1998) Articular cartilage changes seen with magnetic resonance imaging-detected bone bruises associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Am J Sports Med 26:409–414
Johnston SA (1997) Osteoarthritis — joint anatomy, physiology, and pathobiology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 27:699–723
Keats T, Sistrom C (2001) Atlas of radiologic measurement, 7th edn. C.V. Mosby, St Louis, MO
Keeney JA, Peelle MW, Jackson J et al. (2004) Magnetic resonance arthrography versus arthroscopy in the evaluation of articular hip pathology. Clin Orthop Relat Res 429:163–169
Kijowski R, De Smet A (2005) MRI findings of osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum with surgical correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185:1453–1459
Kramer J, Recht MP (2002) MR arthrography of the lower extremity. Radiol Clin North Am 40:1121–1132
Kramer J, Stiglbauer R, Engel A et al. (1992) MR contrast arthrography (MRA) in osteochondrosis dissecans. J Comput Assist Tomogr 16:254–260
Kramer J, Recht MP, Imhof H et al. (1994) Postcontrast MR arthrography in assessment of cartilage lesions. J Comput Assist Tomogr 18:218–224
Lang P, Farima N, Hiroshi Y (2005) MR imaging of articular cartilage: current state and recent developments. Radiol Clin North Am 43:629–639
Mankin HJ (1982) The response of articular-cartilage to mechanical injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am 64A:460–466
Mankin HJ, Dorfman H, Lippiello L et al. (1971) Biochemical and metabolic abnormalities in articular cartilage from osteo-arthritic human hips. II. Correlation of morphology with biochemical and metabolic data. J Bone Joint Surg Am 53A:523–537
Marlovits S, Striessnig G, Resinger CT et al. (2004) Definition of pertinent parameters for the evaluation of articular cartilage repair tissue with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Radiol 52:310–319
Martinek V (2003) Anatomy and pathophysiology of articular cartilage. Dtsch Z Sportmed 54:166–170
McDevitt CA, Webber RJ (1990) The ultrastructure and biochemistry of meniscal cartilage. Clin Orthop Relat Res 252:8–18
Meachim G (1969) Age changes in articular cartilage. Clin Orthop Relat Res 69:33–44
Minns RJ, Steven FS (1977) Collagen fibril organization in human articular-cartilage. J Anat 123:437–457
Nakagawa Y, Matsusue Y, Ikeda N et al. (2001) Osteochondral grafting and arthroplasty for end-stage osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Sports Med 29:650–655
Newman A (1998) Articular cartilage repair. Am J Sports Med 26:309–324
Nishii T, Tanaka H, Nakanishi K et al. (2005) Fat-suppressed 3D spoiled gradient-echo MRI and MDCT arthrography of articular cartilage in patients with hip dysplasia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185:379–385
O’Driscoll SW, Keeley FW, Salter RB (1988) Durability of regenerated articular-cartilage produced by free autogenous periosteal grafts in major full-thickness defects in joint surfaces under the influence of continuous passive motion — a follow-up report at one year. J Bone Joint Surg Am 70A:595–606
Ostergaard K, Petersen J, Andersen CB et al. (1997) Histologic/histochemical grading system for osteoarthritic articular cartilage: reproducibility and validity. Arthritis Rheum 40:1766–1771
Ostergaard K, Andersen CB, Petersen J et al. (1999) Validity of histopathological grading of articular cartilage from osteoarthritic knee joints. Ann Rheum Dis 58:208–213
Outerbridge RE (2001) The etiology of chondromalacia patellae (Reprinted from Outerdridge RE: The etiology of chondromalacia chondromalacia patella, vol 43B, pp 752–757, 1961). Clin Orthop Relat Res 389:6–8
Paar O, Lippert MJ, Bernett P (1986) Measurement of femoropatellar pressure and surface-contact — cartilage shaving either alone or in combination with other methods in chondromalacia of the normal and malformed oatella — an experimental-study. Unfallchirurg 89:555–562
Parentis MA, Mohr KJ, El Attrache NS (2002) Disorders of the superior labrum: review and treatment guidelines. Clin Orthop Relat Res 400:77–87
Peterfy CG (2000) Scratching the surface: articular cartilage disorders in the knee. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 8:409–430
Peterson L, Brittberg M, Kiviranta I et al. (2002) Autologous chondrocyte transplantation: biomechanics and long-term durability. Am J Sports Med 30:2–12
Plank CM, Kubin K, Weber M et al. (2005) Contrast-enhanced high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of autologous cartilage implants of the knee joint. Magn Reson Imaging 23:739–744
Poole CA (1997) Articular cartilage chondrons: form, function and failure. J Anat 191:1–13
Potter HG, Linklater JM, Allen AA et al. (1998) Magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage in the knee — an evaluation with use of fast-spin-echo imaging. J Bone Joint Surg Am 80A:1276–1284
Pridie K (1959) A method of resurfacing osteoarthritic knee joints. J Bone Joint Surg Am 41A:618–619
Rath E, Richmond JC (2000) The menisci: basic science and advances in treatment. Br J Sports Med 34:252–257
Recht MP, Kramer J (2002) MR Imaging of the postoperative knee: a pictorial essay. Radiographics 22:765–774
Recht MP, Piraino DW, Paletta GA et al. (1996) Accuracy of fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo FLASH MR imaging in the detection of patellofemoral articular cartilage abnormalities. Radiology 198:209–212
Redman SN, Oldfield SF, Archer CW (2005) Current strategies for articular cartilage repair. Eur Cell Mater 9:23–32
Resnick D (2002) Arthrography, tenography, and bursography. In: Resnick D (ed) Diagnosis of bone and joint disorders, 4th edn. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp 193–318
Rijk PC (2004) Meniscal allograft transplantation — part I: background, results, graft selection and preservation, and surgical considerations. Arthroscopy 20:728–743
Ruehm S, Zanetti M, Romero J et al. (1998) MRI of patellar articular cartilage: evaluation of an optimized gradientecho sequence (3D-DESS). J Magn Reson Imaging 8:1246–1251
Shahriaree H (1985) Chondromalacia. Contemp Orthop 11:27–39
Shapiro F, Koide S, Glimcher MJ (1993) Cell origin and differentiation in the repair of full-thickness defects of articular-cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am 75A:532–553
Shelbourne KD, Jari S, Gray T (2003) Outcome of untreated traumatic articular cartilage defects of the knee: a natural history study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85A:8–16
Smith GD, Knutsen G, Richardson JB (2005) A clinical review of cartilage repair techniques. J Bone Joint Surg Br 87B:445–449
Sonin AH, Pensy RA, Mulligan ME et al. (2002) Grading articular cartilage of the knee using fast spin-echo proton density-weighted MR imaging without fat suppression. AJR Am J Roentgenol 179:1159–1166
Steadman JR, Rodkey WG, Briggs KK et al. (1999) The micro-fracture technique to treat full thickness articular cartilage defects of the knee. Orthopade 28:26–32
Thompson RC (1975) Experimental study of surface injury to articular-cartilage and enzyme responses within joint. Clin Orthop Relat Res 107:239–248
Trattnig S, Mlynarik V, Huber M et al. (2000) Magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage and evaluation of cartilage disease. Invest Radiol 35:595–601
Trattnig S, Pinker K, Krestan C et al. (2006) Matrix-based autologous chondrocyte implantation for cartilage repair with HyalograftC: two-year follow-up by magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Radiol 57:9–15
van der Sluijs JA, Geesink RG, van der Linden AJ et al. (1992) The reliability of the Mankin score for osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 10:58–61
Verstraete KL, Almqvist F, Verdonk P et al. (2004) Magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage and cartilage repair. Clin Radiol 59:674–689
Waldt S, Bruegel M, Ganter K et al. (2005) Comparison of multislice CT arthrography and MR arthrography for the detection of articular cartilage lesions of the elbow. Eur Radiol 15:784–791
Winalski CS, Minas T (2000) Evaluation of chondral injuries by magnetic resonance imaging: repair assessments. Oper Tech Sports Med 8:108–119
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Huysse, W.C.J., Verstraete, K.L. (2007). Cartilage Trauma. In: Vanhoenacker, F.M., Maas, M., Gielen, J.L. (eds) Imaging of Orthopedic Sports Injuries. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68201-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68201-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-26014-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-68201-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)