28.4 Conclusions
Evaluation of sports-related fractures and microfractures is heavily dependent on imaging. With increased participation of children and adults in organized or recreational sports activities, radiologists are frequently asked to assist in the diagnosis and management of these patients. Plain radiographs are important in depicting and monitoring osseous fractures, avulsion injuries and osteochondral lesions. MRI is extremely valuable for assessing, grading and monitoring healing of osteochondral lesions and microfractures in the context of both acute trauma and stress injury.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson IF, Crichton KJ, Grattan-Smith T et al. (1989) Osteochondral fractures of the dome of the talus. J Bone Joint Surg Am 71:1143–1152
Ánderson MW, Greenspan A (1996) Stress fractures. Radiology 199:1–12
Anderson MW, Ugalde V, Batt M et al. (1997) Shin splints: MR appearance in a preliminary study. Radiology 204:177–180
Anderson MW, Kaplan PA, Dussault RG (2001) Adductor insertion avulsion syndrome (thigh splints): spectrum of MR imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 177:673–675
Arendt EA, Griffiths HJ (1997) The use of MR imaging in the assessment and clinical management of stress reactions of bone in high-performance athletes. Clin Sports Med 16:291–306
Ariyoshi M, Nagata K, Sato K et al. (1997) Hemarthrosis of the knee and bone contusion. Kurume Med J 44:135–139
Bergman AG, Fredericson M, Ho C et al. (2004) Asymptomatic tibial stress reactions: MRI detection and clinical follow-up in distance runners. AJR Am J Roentgenol 183:635–638
Berndt AL, Harty M (1959) Transchondral fractures (osteochondritis dissecans) of the talus. J Bone Joint Surg 41:988–1020
Bohndorf K (1999) Imaging of acute injuries of the articular surfaces (chondral, osteochondral and subchondral fractures). Skelet Radiol 28:545–560
Brandser EA, el-Khoury GY, Kathol MH (1995) Adolescent hamstring avulsions that simulate tumors. Emerg Radiol 2:273–278
Bretlau T, Tuxoe J, Larsen L et al. (2002) Bone bruise in the acutely injured knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 10:96–101
Burt CW, Overpeck MD (2001) Emergency visits for sports related injuries. Ann Emerg Med 37:301–308
Cerezal L, Abascal F, Canga A et al. (2000) Usefulness of gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging in the evaluation of the vascularity of scaphoid nonunions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174:141–149
Chapman S (1992) The radiological dating of injuries. Arch Dis Child 67:1063–1065
Coady C, Micheli L (1997) Stress fractures in the padiatric athlete. Clin Sports Med 16:225–238
Crues RL, Dumont J (1975) Fracture healing. Can J Surg 18:403–413
Daffner R, Pavlov H (1992) Stress fractures: current concepts. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159:245–252
Dailiana ZH, Zachos V, Varitimidis S et al. (2004) Scaphoid nonunions treated with vascularised bone grafts: MRI assessment. Eur J Radiol 50:217–224
Davies NH, Niall D, King LJ et al. (2004) Magnetic resonance imaging of bone bruising in the acutely injured kneeshort-term outcome. Clin Radiol 59:439–445
De Smet AA, Ilahi OA, Graf BK (1996) Reassessment of the MR criteria for stability of osteochondritis dissecans in the knee and ankle. Skelet Radiol 25:159–163
Deutsch AL, Coel MN, Mink JH (1997) Imaging of stress injuries to bone: radiography, scintigraphy, and MR imaging. Clin Sports Med 16:275–290
el-Khoury GY, Daniel WW, Kathol MH (1997) Acute and chronic avulsive injuries. Radiol Clin North Am 35:747–766
Fredericson M, Bergman G, Hoffman KL et al. (1995) Tibial stress reaction in runners: correlation of clinical symptoms and scintigraphy with a new MRI grading system. Am J Sports Med 23:472–481
Frost HM (1989a) Biology of fracture healing: an overview for clinicians. Part I. Clin Orthop Relat Res 248:283–293
Frost HM (1989b) Biology of fracture healing: an overview for clinicians. Part II. Clin Orthop Relat Res 248:294–309
Gaeta M, Minutoli F, Scribano E et al. (2005) CT and MR imaging findings in athletes with early tibial stress injuries: comparison with bone scintigraphy findings and emphasis on cortical abnormalities. Radiology 235:553–561
Giaroli EL, Major NM, Higgins LD (2005) MRI of internal impingement of the shoulder. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185:925–929
Groves AM, Cheow H, Balan K et al. (2005) 16-MDCT in the detection of occult wrist fractures: a Comparison with skeletal scintigraphy AJR Am J Roentgenol 184:1470–1474
Heppenstall RB (1980) Fracture healing. In: Heppenstall RB (ed) Fracture treatment and healing. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 35–64
Horev G, Koreneich L, Ziv N et al. (1990) The enigma of stress fractures in the pediatric age: clarification or confusion through the new imaging modalities. Pediatr Radiol 20:469–471
Hwang B, Fredericson M, Chung CB et al. (2005) MRI findings of femoral diaphyseal stress injuries in athletes. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185:166–173
Islam O, Soboleski D, Symons S et al. (2000) Development and duration of radiographic signs of bone healing in Children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175:75–78
Jones BH, Harris JM, Vinh TN et al. (1989) Exercise-induced stress fractures and stress reactions of bone. Epidemiology, etiology, and classification. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 17:379–422
Kapelov SR, Teresi LM, Bradley WG et al. (1993) Bone contusions of the knee: increased lesion detection with fast spin-echo MR imaging with spectroscopic fat saturation. Radiology 189:901–904
Kiuru MJ, Niva M, Reponen A et al. (2005) Bone stress injuries in asymptomatic elite recruits: a clinical and MRI study. Am J Sports Med 33:272–276
Lawson GM, Hajducka C, McQueen MM (1995) Sports fractures of the distal radius-epidemiology and outcome. Injury 26:33–36
Lazzarini KM, Troiano RN, Smith RC (1997) Can running cause the appearance of marrow edema on MR images of the foot and ankle? Radiology 202:540–542
Linklater J (2004) Ligamentous, chondral, and osteochondral ankle injuries in athletes. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 8:81–98
Livstone BJ, Parker L, Levin DC (2002) Trends in the utilization of MR angiography and body MR imaging in the US medicare population: 1993–1998. Radiology 222:615–618
Low G, Raby N (2005) Can follow-up radiography for acute scaphoid fracture still be considered a valid examination? Clin Radiol 60:1106–1110
Mandalia V, Fogg AJ, Chari R et al. (2005) Bone bruising of the knee. Clin Radiol 60:627–636
Matheson GO, Clement DB, McKenzie DC et al. (1987) Stress fractures in athletes; a study of 320 cases. Am J Sports Med 15:46–58
Metzmaker JN, Pappas AM (1985) Avulsion fractures of the pelvis. Am J Sports Med 13:349–358
Micheli LJ, Fehlandt AF Jr (1992) Overuse injuries to tendons and apophyses in children and adolescents. Clin Sports Med 11:713–726
Mink JH, Deutsch AL (1989) Occult cartilage and bone injuries of the knee: detection, classification and assessment with MR imaging. Radiology 170:823–829
Morrison WB (2003) MRI of sports injuries of the ankle. Top Magn Reson Imaging 14:179–197
Nakagawa S, Yoneda M, Hyashida K et al. (2001) Greater tuberosity notch: an important indicator of articular-side partial rotator cuff tears in the shoulders of throwing athletes. Am J Sports Med 29:762–770
Oeppen RS, Jaramillo D (2003) Sports injuries in the young athlete. Top Magn Reson Imaging 14:199–208
Ohta-Fukushima M, Mutoh Y, Takasugi S et al. (2002) Characteristics of stress fractures in young athletes under 20 years. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 42:198–206
Overdeck KH, Palmer WE (2004) Imaging of hip and groin injuries in athletes. Semin Musculoskel Radiol 8:41–55
Peterson HA (1984) Partial growth plate arrest and its treatment. J Pediatr Orthop 4:246–258
Peterson L, Minas T, Brittberg M et al. (2000) Two-to 9-year outcome after autologous chondrocyte transplantation of the knee. Clin Orthop 374:212–234
Pettine KA, Morrey B (1987) Osteochondral fractures of the talus. A long term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br 69:89–92
Rangger C, Kathrein A, Freund MC et al. (1998) Bone bruise of the knee: histology and cryosections in 5 cases. Acta Orthop Scand 69:291–294
Rennie WJ, Finlay DB (2003) Posttraumatic cystlike defects of the scaphoid: late sign of occult microfracture and useful indicator of delayed union. AJR Am J Roentgenol 180:655–658
Rosen M, Jackson D, Berger P (1991) Occult osseous lesions documented by magnetic resonance imaging associated with anterior cruciate ligament ruptures. Arthrosopy 7:45–51
Rosner JL, Zlatkin MB, Clifford P et al. (2004) Imaging of athletic wrist and hand injuries. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 8:57–79
Rubin DA, Harner CD, Costello JM (2000) Treatable chondral injuries in the knee: frequency of associated focal subchondral edema. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174:1099–1106
Ryu KM, Jin W, Ko YT et al. (2000) Bone bruises: MR characteristics and histological correlation in the young pig. Clin Imaging 24:371–380
Salter RB, Harris R (1963) Injuries involving the epiphyseal plate. J Bone Joint Surg 45A:587–622
Sanders TG, Medynski MA, Feller JF et al. (2000) Bone contusion pattern of the knee at MR imaging: footprint of the mechanism of injury. RadioGraphics 20:S135–151
Sanders TG, Mentzer KD, Miller M et al. (2001) Autogenous osteochondral “plug” transfer for the treatment of focal chondral defects: postoperative MR appearance with clinical correlation. Skeletal Radiol 30:570–578
Shea MP, Manoli A II (1993) Osteochondral lesions of the talar dome. Foot Ankle 14:48–55
Sofka CM (2004) Ultrasound in sports medicine. Semin Musculoskel Radiol 8:17–27
Spitz D, Newberg A (2003) Imaging of stress fractures in the athlete. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 11:323–339
Stanitski CL (1998a) Epiphyseal fractures about knee. Oper Techn Sports Med 6:234–242
Stanitski CL (1998b) Acute tibial tubercle avulsion fractures. Oper Techn Sports Med 6:243–246
Stone JW (1996) Osteochondral lesions of the talar dome. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 4:63–73
Takahara M, Ogino T, Takagi M et al. (2000) Natural progression of osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum: initial observations. Radiology 216:207–212
Tehranzadeh J (1987) The spectrum of avulsion and avulsionlike injuries of the musculoskeletal system. RadioGraphics 7:945–974
Torriani M, Kattapuram SV (2003) Musculoskeletal ultrasound: an alternative imaging modality for sports-related injuries. Top Magn Reson Imaging 14:103–111
Vanhoenacker FM, Snoeckx A, Vandaele L et al. (2005) Bone marrow changes in sports injuries. JBR-BTR 88:332–335
Wright RW, Phaneuf MA, Limbird TJ et al. (2000) Clinical outcome of isolated subcortical trabecular fractures (bone bruise) detected on magnetic resonance imaging in knees. Am J Sports Med 28:663–667
Yao L, Johnson C, Gentili A et al. (1998) Stress injuries of bone: analysis of MR imaging staging criteria. Acad Radiol 5:34–40
Zanetti M, Weishaupt D, Jost B et al. (1999) MR imaging for traumatic tears of the rotator cuff: high prevalence of greater tuberosity fractures and subscapularis tendon tears. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172:463–467
Zarins B, Cuillo JV (1983) Acute muscle and tendon injuries in athletes. Clin Sports Med 2:167–182
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Karantanas, A.H. (2007). Natural History and Monitoring of Fractures and Microfractures. In: Vanhoenacker, F.M., Maas, M., Gielen, J.L. (eds) Imaging of Orthopedic Sports Injuries. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68201-1_28
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68201-1_28
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-26014-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-68201-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)