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Bioreactors for Mammalian Cells: General Overview

  • Chapter
Cell and Tissue Reaction Engineering

Part of the book series: Principles and Practice ((PRINCIPLES))

Abstract

For the development and manufacturing of biotechnological medicines, the in vitro cultivation of animal cells has now become an accepted technology. In fact, about 50% of all commercial biotechnological products used for in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic purposes today are made using procedures based on animal cells. In addition to products from cells that are glycoproteins (drug products, e.g., cytokines, growth hormones, hematopoietic growth factors and antibodies, and viral vaccines, see Chaps. 1 and 2), cells as products for regenerative medicine, namely cellular therapies and tissue engineering, have been successfully investigated in clinical trials and introduced on the market.

Bioreactors from small (milliliter range up to 10L) to large scale (above 500L) have been developed over the past 50 years for animal-cell-culture-based applications. Suitable cell and tissue culture types displaying similar characteristics and specific differences (Chap. 2) have resulted in a variety of bioreactor types and their modifications, manufactured from plastics, glass, or steel. Although no universal bioreactor suitable for all cell and tissue culture types exists, it is obvious that conventional stirred bioreactors from stainless steel are the gold standard and dominate both in R&D and manufacturing.

This chapter aims to present a general overview of suitable bioreactor types for animal cells. On the basis of differentiation between static and dynamic bioreactors as well as methods of power input and primary pressure, we attempt to categorize the most frequently used cell culture bioreactor types, explain their typical working principles, and deduce possible fields of application. Furthermore, cell culture bioreactor trends for R&D and manufacturing, and special features of bioreactors for 3D tissue formation and stem cell cultivation are summarized.

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Abbreviations

ACI:

autologous chondrocyte implantation

ACT:

autologous chondrocyte transplantation

ADCT:

autologous disc chondrocyte transplantation

BHK:

baby hamster kidney

CD:

chemically defined

CHO:

Chinese hamster ovary

CIP:

cleaning-in-place

D:

vessel inside diameter

E. coli :

Escherichia coli

EPO:

erythropoietin

GMP:

good manufacturing practice

HEK:

human embryogenic kidney

k L a :

oxygen transfer coefficient

L :

vessel inside height

MACI:

matrix coupled autologous chondrocyte implantation

NS0:

mouse myeloma cell line

P/V :

specific power input

R&D:

research and development

rpm:

revolution per minute

SIP:

sterilization-in-place

Sf-9:

Spodoptera frugiperda (subclone 9)

T. chinensis :

Taxus chinensis

tPA:

tissue plasminogen activator

V:

volume of the medium

3D:

three-dimensional

°C:

degree centigrade

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  1. Department of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute of Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland

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Eibl, D., Eibl, R. (2009). Bioreactors for Mammalian Cells: General Overview. In: Cell and Tissue Reaction Engineering. Principles and Practice. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68182-3_3

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