This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, [1966] ICJ Rep. 226, 266.
W. Verwey, The International Court of Justice and the Legality of Nuclear Weapons: Some Observations, in: K. Wellens (ed.), International Law: Theory and Practice, Essays in Honour of Eric Suy, 1998, pp. 751, 760.
For a detailed discussion with citation of sources, see Y. Dinstein, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, 3rd ed., 2001, pp. 140–147.
Advisory Opinion, supra n. 1, at. 257.
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 1977, D. Schindler/J. Toman (eds.), The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents, 4th ed., 2004, pp. 711, 736.
For an examination of legitimate “collateral damage”, see Y. Dinstein, The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law Of International Armed Conflict, 2004, pp. 123–125.
J.M. Henckaerts/ L. Doswald-Beck (eds.), ICRC Customary International Humanitarian Law Study, I (2005), p. 17.
Protocol I, supra J. Toman (eds.), The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents, 4th ed., 2004 n. 5, p. 735.
Id., p. 732.
Article 33 of Geneva Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 1949, The Laws of Armed Conflicts, supra J. Toman (eds.), The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents, 4th ed., 2004 n. 5, pp. 507, 524–525.
Article 118 of Geneva Convention (III), J. Toman (eds.), The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents, 4th ed., 2004 ibid., p. 551.
See Y. Dinstein, The Release of Prisoners of War, in: C. Swinarski (ed.), Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross Principles in Honour of Jean Pictet, 1984, pp. 37, 40–45.
J.S. Pictet (ed.), Commentary, Geneva Convention I, 1952, p. 241.
See A.P.V. Rogers/P. Malherbe, Model Manual on the Law of Armed Conflict, ICRC, 1999, p. 88.
For details, see Dinstein, supra n. 6, pp. 94–95.
For details, see id., pp. 143–146.
For details, see H. Levie, Prisoners of War in International Armed Conflict, 59 International Law Studies 1978, pp. 97–254.
Protocol I, supra n. 5, p. 732.
Y. Sandoz et al. (eds.), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 (1987), p. 495.
Geneva Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 1949, supra J. Toman (eds.), The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents, 4th ed., 2004 n. 5, pp. 575, 581.
Id., pp. 580–581.
See Commentary on the Additional Protocols, supra n. 19, p. 854.
Protocol I, supra J. Toman (eds.), The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents, 4th ed., 2004 n. 5, p. 748.
See Commentary on the Additional Protocols, supra n. 19, p. 854.
See D. Kaye/S.A. Solomon, The Second Review Conference of the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, 96 American Journal of International Law 2002, pp. 922, 927.
See id., p. 926.
See R. Jennings/A. Watt (eds.), Oppenheim’s International Law, I, 9th ed., 1992, p. 165.
On the phenomenon of “failed States”, see D. Thürer, The ‘Failed State’ and International Law, 81 International Review of the Red Cross 1999, p. 731.
See R.R. Baxter, So-Called ‘Unprivileged Belligerency’: Spies, Guerrillas, and Saboteurs, 28 BYBIL 1951, p. 323.
Protocol I, supra n. 5, pp. 734–735.
Geneva Convention (III), supra n. 10, p. 513.
Hague Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Annexed to Hague Convention (II) of 1899 and Hague Convention (IV) of 1907, The Laws of Armed Conflicts, supra J. Toman (eds.), The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents, 4th ed., 2004 n. 5, pp. 55, 66.
On “levée en masse”, see Dinstein, supra n. 6, p. 42.
Public Prosecutor v. Koi et al. (1967), [1968] Appeal Cases 829, 856–858.
Mohamed Ali et al. v. Public Prosecutor (1968), [1969] Appeal Cases 430, 449–450.
See Y. Dinstein, Another Step in Codifying the Laws of War, 28 Year Book of World Affairs 1974, pp. 278, 284.
Protocol I, supra n. 5, pp. 732–733.
Ex parte Quirin et al. (1942), 317 United States 1, 30–31.
See Detention of Unlawful Combatants Law, 2002, 1834 Sefer Hahukim [Laws of the State of Israel, Hebrew] 192.
Id., (Section 2).
Id., (Sections 3, 5).
Id., 193 (Section 9).
Id., (Sections 7–8).
A. Rosas, The Legal Status of Prisoners of War: A Study in International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts, 1976, p. 305.
See Y. Dinstein, The Distinction between Unlawful Combatants and War Criminals, in Y. Dinstein (ed.), International Law at a Time of Perplexity, Essays in Honour of Shabtai Rosenne, 1989, pp. 103–116.
Geneva Convention (IV), supra n. 20, p. 581.
Id., p. 582.
Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Merits), [1986] Reports of the International Court of Justice, pp. 14, 114.
Dissenting Opinion of Judge Jennings, id., pp. 528, 537.
See T. Meron, Human Rights and Humanitarian Norms as Customary International Law, 1989, pp. 36–37.
Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 1949, The Laws of Armed Conflicts, supra J. Toman (eds.), The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents, 4th ed., 2004 n. 5 pp. 459, 461–462; Geneva Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, 1949, id., pp. 485, 487–488; Geneva Convention (III), supra n. 10, pp. 512–513; Geneva Convention (IV), supra n. 20, pp. 580–581.
Protocol I, supra n. 5, pp. 748–750.
See K. Dörmann, The Legal Situation of ‘Unlawful/Unprivileged Combatants’, 85 International Review of the Red Cross 2003, pp. 45, 70.
Geneva Convention (III), supra n. 10, pp. 514–515.
Koi case, supra n. 34, p. 864.
See R.R. Baxter, The Privy Council on the Qualifications of Belligerents, 63 American Journal of International Law 1969, pp. 290, 293.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Dinstein, Y. (2007). The System of Status Groups in International Humanitarian Law. In: von Heinegg, W.H., Epping, V. (eds) International Humanitarian Law Facing New Challenges. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49090-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49090-6_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-49089-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-49090-6
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawLaw and Criminology (R0)