Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Surgical Complications

  • Chapter
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Abstract

Traditionally,there is a close correlation between the length of the skin incision and the breadth of the visual surgical field in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)surgery

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Agee JM, Mc Carroll HR, Tortosa RD et al. (1992) Endoscopic release of the carpal tunnel: A randomized prospective multicenter study. J Hand Surg 17A: 987–999

    Google Scholar 

  2. Azzarà A, Altissimi M, Mancini GB, Romeo F (1997) Variazioni di forza dopo semplice sezione e dopo allungamento e ricostruzione del legamento trasverso del carpo nella sindrome del tunnel carpale. Riv Chir Mano 34: 343–344

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bagatur AE (2002) Analysis of the causes of failure in carpal tunnel syndrome surgery and the results of reoperation. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 36:346–353

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bande S, De Smet L, Fabry G (1994) The results of carpal tunnel release: open versus endoscopic technique. J Hand Surg 19B: 14–17

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bedeschi P (1983) Limiti della profilassi antibiotica nella chirurgia ortopedica e traumatologica. In: Galli PA and Montanari GD (eds) Prevenzione antimicrobica in chirurgia. Piccin, Padova, pp 201–208

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bedeschi P (1986) Un nuovo segno clinico nella diagnosi della sindrome del tunnel carpale: la rilevazione palpatoria dell’ aumento della tensione locale. Atti 12° Congresso Soc It Ric Chir, 20–22 novembre 1986, Modena. Monduzzi, Bologna, pp 113–116

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bedeschi P (1997) La resezione della prima filiera del carpo. In: Monografie SICM (ed) Lo Scafoide. Mattioli, Fidenza, pp 225–233

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bedeschi P (2001) Le complicanze e gli insuccessi nella Chirurgia della Sindrome del tunnel carpale. Riv Chir Mano 38: 197–204

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bedeschi P (2002a) Complicanze postoperatorie correlate alla sezione e/o alla cicatrizzazione del legamento traverso del carpo nella chirurgia della sindrome del tunnel carpale e loro prevenzione. Ortop Traumatol 44: 30–34

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bedeschi P (2002b) Complicanze del trattamento chirurgicoa cielo aperto o a cielo chiuso senza ausilio endoscopico. In: Luchetti R (ed) Sindrome del tunnel carpale. Verduci, Roma, pp 217–236

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bedeschi P, Mingione A, Luchetti R, De Santis G (1981) Il dolore negli esiti del trattamento chirurgico delle lesioni dei nervi periferici. Riv Chir Mano 18: 409–416

    Google Scholar 

  12. Berzero GF, Genovese E, Bertolotti M et al. (1994) La RMN nella definizione delle compressioni estrinseche e delle lesioni intrinseche del nervo mediano al polso e al terzo distale di avambraccio. Riv Chir Mano 31: 163–166

    Google Scholar 

  13. Biyani A, Downes EM (1993) An open twin incision technique of carpal tunnel decompression with reduced incidence of scar tenderness. J Hand Surg 18B: 331–334

    Google Scholar 

  14. Blair SJ (1988) Avoiding complications of surgery for nerve compression syndromes Orthop Clin North America 19: 125–130

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Blair WF, Goetz DD, Ross MA et al. (1996) Carpal tunnel release with and without epineurotomy: a comparative prospective trial. J Hand Surg 21A: 655–661

    Google Scholar 

  16. Boeckstyns MEH, Sorensen AL (1999) Does endoscopic carpal tunnel release have a higher rate of complications than open carpal tunnel release? J Hand Surg 24B: 9–15

    Google Scholar 

  17. Braun RM, Rechnic M, Fowler E (2002) Complications related to carpal tunnel release. Hand Clinics 18: 347–357

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Brown RA, Gelberman RH, Seiler JG et al. (1993) Carpal tunnel release. J Bone Joint Surg 75A: 1265–1275

    Google Scholar 

  19. Carroll RE, Green DP (1972) The significance of the palmar cutaneous nerve at the wrist. Clin Orthop 83: 24–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Chaise F, Roger B, Laval-Jeantet M, Alhomme Ph (1986) Exploration tomodensitométrique des modifications anatomiques du poignet entrainées par la section du ligament annulaire antérieur. Rev Chir Orthop 72: 297–302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Chang B, Dellon AL (1993) Surgical management of recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg 18B: 467–470

    Google Scholar 

  22. Chapman CB, Ristic S, Rosenwasser MP (2001) Complete median nerve transection as a complication of carpal tunnel release with a carpal tunnel tome. Am J Orthop 30: 652–653

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Citron ND, Bendall SP (1997) Local symptoms after open carpal tunnel release. A randomized prospective trial of two incisions. J Hand Surg 22B: 317–321

    Google Scholar 

  24. Clayburgh RH, Beckenbaugh RD, Dobyns JH (1987) Carpal tunnel release in patients with diffuse peripheral neuropathy. J Hand Surg 12A: 380–383

    Google Scholar 

  25. Cobb TK, Amadio PC (1996) Reoperation for carpal tunnel syndrome. Hand Clinics 12/2: 313–323

    Google Scholar 

  26. Cobb TK, Dalley BK, Posteraro RH, Lewis RC (1993) Anatomy of the flexor retinaculum. J Hand Surg 18A: 91–99

    Google Scholar 

  27. Codega G (1987) La patologia del polso. Piccin, Padova

    Google Scholar 

  28. Condamine JL, Marcucci L, Rosas MH et al. (1998) Repetitive release of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel. Analysis of a series of 18 cases. Rev Chir Orthop 84: 323–329

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Conolly WB (1978) Pitfalls in carpal tunnel decompression. Aust NZ J Surg 48: 421–425

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Curtis RM, Eversmann WW (1973) Internal neurolysis as an adjunct to the treatment of the carpal tunnel syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg 55A: 733–740

    Google Scholar 

  31. Das SK, Brown HG (1976) In search of complications in carpal tunnel decompression. The Hand 8: 243–249

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Da Silva MF, Moore DC, Weiss AC et al. (1996) Anatomy of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve: clinical significance. J Hand Surg 21A: 639–643

    Google Scholar 

  33. De Smet L (1993) Recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome. Clinical testing indicating incomplete section of the flexor retinaculum. J Hand Surg 18B: 189

    Google Scholar 

  34. Dirheimer Y (1993) Algodystrophie du membre supéerieur post-traumatique et post-chirurgicale. In: SFCM (ed) Cahier d’ enseignement de la SFCM (5), Expansion Scientifique Francaise, Paris, pp 21–39

    Google Scholar 

  35. Dumontier C, Sokolow C, Leclercq C, Chauvin P (1995) Early results of conventional versus two-portal endoscopic carpal tunnel release. A prospective study. J Hand Surg 20B: 658–662

    Google Scholar 

  36. Duncan KH, Lewis RC, Foreman KA, Nordyke MD (1987) Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome by members of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Results of a questionnaire. J Hand Surg 12A: 384–391

    Google Scholar 

  37. Eason SY, Belsole RJ, Greene TL (1985) Carpal tunnel release: analysis of suboptimal results. J Hand Surg 10B: 365–369

    Google Scholar 

  38. Engber WD, Gmeiner JG (1980) Palmar cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve. J Hand Surg 5: 26–29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Erdmann MWH (1994) Endoscopic carpal tunnel decompression. J Hand Surg 19B: 5–13

    Google Scholar 

  40. Eversmann WW (1988) Entrapment and compression neuropathies. In: Green DP (ed) Operative Hand Surgery, 2nd ed, Churchill Livingstone, New York pp 1423–1478.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Fairplay T, Urso G (2002) Trattamento postoperatorio dopo decompressione a cielo aperto o endoscopica. In: Luchetti R (ed) Sindrome del tunnel carpale. Verduci, Roma, pp 205–213

    Google Scholar 

  42. Favero KJ, Gropper PT (1987) Ulnar nerve laceration. A complication of carpal tunnel decompression: case report and review of the literature. J Hand Surg 12B: 239–241

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ferrari GP, Gilbert A (1991) The superficial anastomosis on the palm of the hand between the ulnar and median nerves. J Hand Surg 16B: 511–514

    Google Scholar 

  44. Fissette J, Onkelinx A (1979) Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Comparative study with and without epineurolysis. Hand 11: 206–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Gainer JV, Nugent GR (1977) Carpal tunnel syndrome: report of 430 operations. South Med J 70: 325–328

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Gelberman RH, Pfeffer GB, Galbraith RT et al. (1987) Results of treatment of severe carpal tunnel syndrome without internal neurolysis of the median nerve. J Bone Joint Surg 69A: 896–903

    Google Scholar 

  47. Gellman H, Kan D, Gee V et al. (1989) Analysis of pinch and grip strength after carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surg 14A: 863–864

    Google Scholar 

  48. Gilliatt RW, Wilson TG (1953) Apneumatic-tourniquet test in carpal tunnel syndrome. Lancet i: 595–597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Hanssen AD, Amadio PC, De Silva SP, Ilstrup DM (1989) Deep postoperative wound infection after carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surg 14A: 869–873

    Google Scholar 

  50. Hobbs RA, Magnussen PA, Tonkin MA (1990) Palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. J Hand Surg 15A: 38–43

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hunt TR, Osterman AL (1994) Complications of the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Hand Clin 10: 63–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hunter JM (1991) Recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome, epineural fibrous fixation, and traction neuropathy. Hand Clin 7: 491–504

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hybbinette CH, Mannerfelt L (1975) The carpal tunnel syndrome. A retrospective study of 400 operated patients. Acta Orthop Scand 46: 610–620

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Inglis AE (1980) Two unusual operative complications in the carpal tunnel syndrome. A report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg 62A: 1208–1209

    Google Scholar 

  55. Jakab E, Ganos D, Cook FW (1991) Trasverse carpal ligament recostructionin surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome: a new technique. J Hand Surg 16A: 202–206

    Google Scholar 

  56. Jones SMG, Stuart PR, Stothard J (1997) Open carpal tunnel release. Does a vascularized hypothenar fat pad reduce wound tenderness ? J Hand Surg 22B: 758–760

    Google Scholar 

  57. Kapandji AI (1990) La plastie d’ agrandissement du ligament annulaire antérieur du carpe dans le traitement du syndrome du canal carpien. Ann Chir Main 9: 305–314

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Karlsson MK, Lindau T, Hagberg L (1997) Ligament lengthening compared with simple division of the transverse carpal ligament in the open treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Scand J Reconstr Hand Surg 31: 65–69

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Katz JN, Fossel KK, Simmons BP et al. (1995) Symptoms, functional status, and neuromuscolar impairment following carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surg 20A: 549–555

    Google Scholar 

  60. Kern BC, Brock M, Rudolph KH, Logemann H (1993) The recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome. Zentralbl Neurochir 54:80–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kessler FB (1986) Complications of the management of carpal tunnel syndrome. Hand Clinics 2: 401–406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Klein RD, Kotsis SV, Chung KC (2003) Open carpal tunnel release using a 1-centimeter incision: technique and outcomes for 104 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 111:1616–1622.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kluge W, Simpson RG, Nicol AC (1996) Late complications after open carpal tunnel decompression. J Hand Surg 21B: 205–207

    Google Scholar 

  64. Kozin SH (1998) The anatomy of the recurrent branch of the median nerve. J Hand Surg 23A: 852–858

    Google Scholar 

  65. Kuhlmann N, Tubiana R, Lisfranc R (1978) Apport de l’ anatomie dans la compréhension des syndromes de compression du canal carpien et des séquelles des interventions décompressives. Rev Chir Orthop 64: 59–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kulick MI, Gordillo G, Javidi T et al. (1986) Long-term analysis of patients having surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg 11A: 59–66

    Google Scholar 

  67. Langloh ND, Linscheid RL (1972) Recurrent and unrelieved carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Orthop 83:41–47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Lanz U (1977) Anatomical variations of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. J Hand Surg 2: 44–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Lichtman DM, Florio RL, Mack GR (1979) Carpal tunnel release under local anesthesia: evaluation of the outpatient procedure. J Hand Surg 4: 544–546

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Lilly CJ, Magnell TD (1985) Severance of the thenar branch of the median nerve as a complication of carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surg 10A: 399–402

    Google Scholar 

  71. Lluch A (1987) El sindrome del tunel carpiano. Mitre, Barcelona, pp 139–140

    Google Scholar 

  72. Louis DS, Greene TL, Noellert RC (1985) Complications of carpal tunnel surgery. J Neurosurg. 62: 352–356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Lowry WE, Follender AB (1988) Interfascicular neurolysis in the severe carpal tunnel syndrome: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Clin Orthop 227: 251–254

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Luchetti R, Soragni O, Pederzini L et al. (1993) Trattamento delle complicanze della sindrome del tunnel carpale. Riv Chir Mano 30: 155–161

    Google Scholar 

  75. MacDermid JC, Richards RS, Roth JH et al. (2003) Endoscopic versus open carpal tunnel release: a randomized trial. J Hand Surg 28A:475–480

    Google Scholar 

  76. MacDonald RI, Lichtman DM, Hanlon JJ, Wilson JN (1978) Complications of surgical release for carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg 3: 70–76

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Mackinnon SE (1991) Secondary carpal tunnel surgery. Neurosurg Clinics North America 2: 75–91

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Martin CH, Seiler III JG, Lesesne JS (1996) The cutaneous innervation of the palm: an anatomic study of the ulnar and median nerves. J Hand Surg 21A: 634–638

    Google Scholar 

  79. Matloub HS, Yan J-G, Mink Van Der Molen AB et al. (1998) The detailed anatomy of the palmar cutaneous nerves and its clinical implications. J Hand Surg 23B: 373–379

    Google Scholar 

  80. Murphy RX, Chernofsky MA, Osborne MA, Wolson AH (1993) Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of persistent carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg 18A: 113–120

    Google Scholar 

  81. Naff N, Dellon AL, Mackinnon SE (1993) The anatomical course of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve, including a description of its own unique tunnel. J Hand Surg 18B: 316–317

    Google Scholar 

  82. Nakamichi K, Tachibana S (1993) The use of ultrasonography in detection of synovitis in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg 18B: 176–179

    Google Scholar 

  83. Netscher D, Steadman AK, Thornby J, Cohen V (1998) Temporal changes in grip and pinch strength after open carpal tunnel release and the effect of ligament reconstruction. J Hand Surg 23A: 48–54

    Google Scholar 

  84. O’Malley MJ, Evanoff M, Terrono AL, Millender LH (1992) Factors that determine reexploration treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg 17A: 638–641

    Google Scholar 

  85. Omer GE (1992) Median nerve compression at the wrist. Hand Clin 8: 317–324

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Palmer AK, Toivonen DA (1999) Complications of endoscopic and open carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surg 24A: 561–565

    Google Scholar 

  87. Phalen GS (1966) The carpal tunnel syndrome. Seventeen years’ experience in diagnosis and treatment of six hundred fifty-four hands. J Bone Joint Surg 48A: 211–228

    Google Scholar 

  88. Phalen GS (1972) The carpal tunnel syndrome. Clinical evaluation of 598 hands. Clin Orthop 83: 29–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Poisel S (1974) Ursprung und Verlauf des R. muscolaris des Nervus digitalis palmaris communis (N. medianus). Chir Praxis 18: 471–474

    Google Scholar 

  90. Povlsen B, Tegnell I (1996) Incidence and natural history of touch allodynia after open carpal tunnel release. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 30: 221–225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Richman JA, Gelberman RH, Rydevik BL et al. (1989) Carpal tunnel syndrome: morphologic changes after release of the transverse carpal ligament. J Hand Surg 14A: 852–857

    Google Scholar 

  92. Rigoni G (1990) Presentation of 25 cases of the pisotriquetral syndrome occurring in 600 cases of carpal tunnel release. Proceedings of the annual congress of the Swiss Society for Surgery of the Hand, Lausanne, 23rd–24th march 1990. Ann Hand Surg 9: 389

    Google Scholar 

  93. Rose EH, Norris MS, Kowalski TA et al. (1991) Palmaris brevis turnover flap as an adjunct to internal neurolysis of the chronically scarred median nerve in recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg 16A: 191–201

    Google Scholar 

  94. Semple JC, Cargill AO (1969) Carpal tunnel syndrome. Results of surgical decompression. Lancet i: 918–919

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Seradge H, Seradge E (1989) Piso-triquetral pain syndrome after carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surg 14A: 858–862

    Google Scholar 

  96. Strasberg SR, Novak CB, Mackinnon SE, Murray JF (1994) Subjective and employment outcome following secondary carpal tunnel surgery. Ann Plast Surg 32: 485–489

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Strickland JW, Idler RS, Lourie GM, Plancher KD (1996) The hypothenar fat pad flap for management of recalcitrant carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg 21A: 840–848

    Google Scholar 

  98. Taleisnik J (1973) The palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve and the approach to the carpal tunnel. J Bone Joint Surg 55A: 1212–1217.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Terrono AL, Belsky MR, Feldon PG, Nalebuff EA (1993) Injury tothe deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve during carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surg 18A: 1038–1040

    Google Scholar 

  100. Tinel J (1915) Le signe du “fourmillement” dans les lésions des nerfs périphériques. Presse Med 47: 388–389

    Google Scholar 

  101. Tomaino MM, Plakseychuk A (1998) Identification and preservation of palmar cutaneous nerves during open carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surg 23B: 607–608

    Google Scholar 

  102. Tubiana R (1990) Carpal tunnel syndrome: some views on its management. Ann Hand Surg 9: 325–330

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Tunesi D, Di Giuseppe P, Ajmar R, Fassi PL (1997) Implicazioni chirurgiche delle anomalie della branca tenare del nervo mediano nella sindrome del tunnel carpale. Riv Chir Mano 34: 13–17

    Google Scholar 

  104. Upton ARM, McComas AJ (1973) The double crush in nerve entrapment syndromes. Lancet i: 359–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Urbaniak JR (1991) Complications of treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. In: Gelberman R (ed) Operative nerve repair and reconstruction. Lippincott, Philadelphia, vol 2, pp 967–979.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Wadstroem J, Nigst H (1986) Reoperation for carpal tunnel syndrome. A retrospective analysis of forty cases. Ann Chir Main 5: 54–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Watchmaker GP, Weber D, Mckinnon SE (1996) Avoidance of transection of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve in carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surg 21A: 644–650

    Google Scholar 

  108. Zanlungo M, Martelli A, Uggetti C, Consoli C (1988) Interesse della tomografia computerizzata (TC) nelle recidive al trattamento chirurgico della sindrome del canale del carpo. Arch Ortop Reum 101: 327–332

    Google Scholar 

  109. Zanlungo M, Locatelli G, Consoli C, Frati A (1998) Le recidive al trattamento chirurgico della sindrome del carpo. Atti Giornate Magentine di Aggiornamento in Chirurgia della Mano, Magenta 27–28marzo 1998. Boehringer Mannheim, Milano, pp 130–137

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Surgery, University of Modena, Italy

    Professor P. Bedeschi (Honorary President)

  2. Italian Society for Surgery of the Hand Casa di Cura Fogliari, Chirurgia della Mano, Via Lana 1, 41100, Modena, Italy

    Professor P. Bedeschi (Honorary President)

Authors
  1. Professor P. Bedeschi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Via Pietro da Rimini 4, 47900, Rimini, Italy

    Riccardo Luchetti M.D.

  2. Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA

    Peter Amadio M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bedeschi, P. (2007). Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Surgical Complications. In: Luchetti, R., Amadio, P. (eds) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49008-1_37

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49008-1_37

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-22387-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-49008-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation