Abstract
The kidneys are paired organs situated posteriorly behind the peritoneum on each side of the vertebral column and are surrounded by adipose connective tissue. Each kidney has a characteristic shape with a superior and inferior pole, a convex border placed laterally, and a concave medial border. Superiorly they are level with the upper border of the twelfth thoracic vertebra, inferiorly with the third lumbar. The right kidney is usually inferior due to the volume of the liver, while the left is a little longer and narrower and lies nearer the median plane. The long axis of each kidney is directed inferolaterally and the transverse posterolaterally.
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© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Serafetinides, E. (2007). Renal Trauma. In: Hohenfellner, M., Santucci, R.A. (eds) Emergencies in Urology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48605-3_18
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