Abstract
Grammar systems is a recent field of formal language theory providing syntactic models and frameworks for describing and studying (the behaviour of) multi-agent systems at the symbolic level. The theory has been inspired and influenced by several scientific areas: distributed and decentralized artificial intelligence, distributed and parallel computing, artificial life, molecular computing, robotics, ecology, sociology, etc. Computer networks, parallel and distributed computer architectures, distributed and cooperative text processing, natural language processing are candidates for possible applications.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
K. Abrahamson, L. Cai, and S. Gordon. A grammar characterization of logarithmic space computation. In Gh. Pun and A. Salomaa, editors, New Trends in Formal Languages. Control, Cooperation and Combinatorics volume 1218 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 147–155. Springer-Verlag, 1997.
K. Arthi and K. Krithivasan. Probabilistic parallel communicating grammar systems. International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 79 (1): 1–26, 2002.
K. Arthi, K. Krithivasan, and E. Csuhaj-Varjú. On rule-number complexity of components of probabilistic cooperating distributed grammar systems. Journal of Automata, Languages and Combinatorics, 7 (4): 433–446, 2002.
A. Atanasiu and V. Mitrana. The modular grammars. International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 30: 101–122, 1989.
T. Bâlânescu, T. Cowling, H. Georgescu, M. Gheorghe, M. Holcombe, and C. Vertan. Communicating stream X-machines systems are no more than X-machines. Journal of Universal Computer Science, 5 (9): 494–507, 1995.
T. Bâlânescu, H. Georgescu, and M. Gheorghe. Grammar systems with counting derivation and dynamical priorities. In Gh. Päun and A. Salomaa editors, New Trends in Formal Languages. Control, Cooperation and Combinatorics, volume 1218 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 150–166. Springer, Berlin, 1997.
M. H. ter Beek. Teams in grammar systems: hybridity and weak rewriting. Acta Cybernetica, 12 (4): 427–444, 1996.
M. H. ter Beek. Teams in grammar systems: sub-context-free cases. In Gh. Pâun and A. Salomaa editors, New Trends in Formal Languages. Control, Cooperation and Combinatorics, volume 1218 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 197–216. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997.
H. Bordihn and E. Csuhaj-Varjú. On competence and completeness in CD grammar systems. Acta Cybernetica, 12 (4): 347–360, 1996.
H. Bordihn, E. Csuhaj-Varjú, and J. Dassow. CD grammar systems versus L systems. In Gh. Nun and A. Salomaa editors, Grammatical Models of Multi-Agent Systems, pages 18–32. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, 1999.
H. Bordihn and M. Holzer. Grammar systems with negated conditions in their cooperation protocols. Journal of Universal Computer Science 6 (12): 1165–1184, 2000.
H. Bordihn and M. Holzer. On the number of active symbols in L and CD grammar systems. Journal of Automata, Languages and Combinatorics 6 (4): 411–426, 2001.
H. Bordihn and B. Reichel. On descriptions of context-free languages by CD grammar systems. Journal of Automata, Languages and Combinatorics, 7 (4): 447–454, 2002.
L. Cai. Computational completeness of linear PCGSs. Computers and Artificial Intelligence, 15 (2–3): 199–210, 1996.
L. Cai. The computational complexity of PCGS with regular components. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Developments in Language Theory,pages 209–219, Singapore, 1996. World Scientific Publishers.
J. Castellanos, C. Martin-Vide, V. Mitrana, and J. Sempere. Networks of evolutionary processors. Acta Informatica, 39 (6–7): 517–529, 2003.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú. Grammar systems: A framework for natural language generation. In Gh. Nun editor, Mathematical Aspects of Natural and Formal Languages, World Scientific Series in Computer Science 43, pages 63–78. World Scientific, Singapore, 1994.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú. Networks of language processors. EATCS Bulletin, 63: 120–134, 1997.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú. On size complexity of context-free returning parallel communicating grammar systems. In C. Martin-Vide and V. Mitrana editors, Where Mathematics, Computer Science, Linguistics and Biology Meet. pages 37–49. Kluwer Acedemic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2001.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú. Computing by networks of standard Watson-Crick DOL systems. communicating grammar systems. In M. Ito editor, Proc. Workshop Algebraic Systems, Languages and Computations, March 21–23, 2000, Kyoto, pages 43–51. RIMS Kokyuroku 1116, 2000.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú and J. Dassow. On cooperating/distributed grammar systems. Journal of Information Processing and Cybernetics EIK,26(1–2):49–63, 1990. Presented at the 4th Workshop on Mathematical Aspects of Computer Science, Magdeburg, 1988.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú, J. Dassow, and Gh. Nun. Dynamically controlled cooperating/distributed grammar systems. Information Sciences, 69 (1–2): 1–25, 1993.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú, J. Dassow, J. Kelemen, and Gh. Nun. Grammar Systems. A Grammatical Approach to Distribution and Cooperation. Topics in Computer Mathematics 8. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Yverdon, 1994.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú, J. Dassow, J. Kelemen, and Gh. Nun. Stratified grammar systems. Computers and Artificial Intelligence,13(5):409–422
E. Csuhaj-Varjú, L. Kari, and Gh. Nun. Test tube distributed systems based on splicing. Computers and Artificial Intelligence, 15 (2–3): 211–232, 1996.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú and J. Kelemen. Cooperating grammar systems: A syntactical framework for blackboard model of problem solving. In I. Plander, editor, Proceedings of the Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Information Control System of Robots, AIICSR’89, pages 121–127. Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1989.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú, J. Kelemen, A. Kelemenovâ, and Gh. Pâun. Eco(grammar) systems. A preview. In R. Trappl, editor, Proc 12th European Meeting on Cybernetics and System Research, pages 941–948. World Scientific Publishers, Singapore, 1994.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú, J. Kelemen, A. Kelemenovâ., and Gh. Pâun. Eco-grammar systems: A grammatical framework for studying lifelike interactions. Artificial Life, 3: 1–28, 1997.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú, J. Kelemen, and Gh. Pâun. Grammar systems with WAVE-like communication. Computers and Artificial Intelligence, 15 (5): 419–436, 1996.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú, C. Martin-Vide, V. Mitrana, and Gy. Vaszil. Parallel communicating pushdown automata systems. International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science, 11 (4): 633–650, 2000.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú, V. Mitrana, and Gy. Vaszil. Distributed pushdown automata systems: Computational power. In Z. Ésik and Z. Fülöp, editors, Developments in Language Theory. 7th International Conference., volume 2710 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 218–229. Springer-Verlag, 2003.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú and A. Salomaa. Networks of parallel language processors. In Gh. Pâun and A. Salomaa, editors, New Trends in Formal Languages; Control, Cooperation, and Combinatorics, volume 1218 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 299–318. Springer-Verlag, 1997.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú and A. Salomaa. Networks of language processors: Parallel communicating systems. EATCS Bulletin, 66: 122–138, 1998.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú and A. Salomaa. Networks of Watson-Crick DOL systems. In M. Ito and T. Imaoka, editors, Words, Languages and Combinatorics III, World Scientific, 2003.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú and Gy. Vaszil. On the computational completeness of context-free parallel communicating grammar systems. Theoretical Computer Science, 215 (1–2): 349–358, 1999.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú and Gy. Vaszil. On context-free parallel communicating grammar systems: Synchronization, communication, and normal forms. Theoretical Computer Science, 255: 511–538, 2001.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú and Gy. Vaszil. Parallel communicating grammar systems with incomplete information communication. Grammars, 5: 153–176, 2002.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú and Gy. Vaszil. Parallel communicating grammar systems with bounded resources. Theoretical Computer Science, 276: 205–219, 2002.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú, Gh. Pâun, and Gy. Vaszil. PC grammar systems with five context-free components generate all recursively enumerable languages. Theoretical Computer Science, 299: 785–794, 2003.
E. Csuhaj-Varjú and Gy. Vaszil. An annotated bibliography of grammar systems. http://www.sztaki.hu/mms/bib.html
J. Dassow. A remark on cooperating distributed grammar systems controlled by graphs. Wissenschaftliche Zeitung T. U. Magdeburg, 35: 4–6, 1991.
J. Dassow, R. Freund, and Gh. Pâun. Cooperating array grammar systems. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 9 (6): 1029–1053, 1995.
J. Dassow and V. Mitrana. Fairness in grammar systems. Acta Cybernetica, 12 (4): 331–345, 1996.
J. Dassow, J. Kelemen, and Gh. Pâun. On parallelism in colonies. Cybernetics and Systems: An International Journal, 24 (1): 37–49, 1993.
J. Dassow and V. Mitrana Stack cooperation in multi-stack pushdown automata. Journal of Computer and System Sciences 58: 611–621, 1999.
J. Dassow, V. Mitrana, Gh. Flinn, and S. Vicolov. On determinism in cooperating distributed grammar systems. Publicationes Mathematicae 48(3–4):217–231, 1996.
J. Dassow and Gh. Pâun. Regulated Rewriting in Formal Language Theory. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1989.
J. Dassow and Gh. Pâun. On some variants of cooperating/distributed grammar systems. Studii Cercetiiri Matematice, 42: 153–165, 1990.
J. Dassow and Gh. nun. Cooperating/distributed grammar systems with registers. Foundations of Control Engineering, 15 (1): 19–38, 1990.
J. Dassow and Gh. Pâun. On the succinctness of descriptions of context-free languages by cooperating/distributed grammar systems. Computers and Artificial Intelligence, 10 (6): 513–527, 1991.
J. Dassow, Gh. Pâun, and G. Rozenberg. Grammar systems. In A. Salomaa and G. Rozenberg, editors, Handbook of Formal Languages, volume 2, chapter 4, pages 155–213. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997.
S. Dumitrescu. Non-returning PC grammar systems can be simulated by returning systems. Theoretical Computer Science, 165: 463–474, 1996.
S. Dumitrescu and Gh. nun. On the power of parallel communicating grammar systems with right-linear components. RA IRO Informatique Theoretique et Applications, 31 (4): 331–354, 1997.
S. Dumitrescu, Gh. nun, and A. Salomaa. Pattern languages versus parallel communicating grammar systems. International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science, 8 (1): 67–80, 1997.
H. Fernau and M. Holzer. Accepting multi-agent systems. H. Acta Cybernetica, 12 (4): 361–379, 1996.
H. Fernau, M. Holzer, and H. Bordihn. Accepting multi-agent systems: the case of cooperating distributed grammar systems. Computers and Artificial Intelligence, 15 (2–3): 123–139, 1996.
H. Fernau, M. Holzer, and R. Freund. Hybrid modes in cooperating distributed grammar systems: internal versus external hybridization. Theoretical Computer Science, 259: 405–426, 2001.
H. Fernau, M. Holzer, and R. Freund. Hybrid modes in cooperating distributed grammar systems: combining the t-mode with the modes k and = k. Theoretical Computer Science, 299 (1–3): 633–662, 2003.
R. Freund, Gh. P Inn, C. M. Procopiuc, and O. Procopiuc. Parallel communicating grammar systems with context-sensitive components. In Gh. nun, editor, Artificial Life. Grammatical Models, pages 166–174. The Black Sea University Press, Bucharest, 1995.
Z. Fülöp. Distributed tree processing devices. Computers and Artificial Intelligence, 18 (1): 37–71, 1999.
J. Hromkovic. On the communication complexity of distributed language generation. In J. Dassow, G. Rozenberg, and A. Salomaa, editors, Developments in Language Theory II, pages 237–246. World Scientific Publishers, 1996.
J. Hromkovic, J. Kari, and L. Kari. Some hierarchies for the communication complexity measures of cooperating grammar systems. Theoretical Computer Science, 127: 123–147, 1993.
Grammar Systems 307
J. Hromkovic, J. Kari, L. Kari, and D. Pardubskâ. Two lower bounds on distributive generation of languages. In MFCS’94, volume 841 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 423–432. Springer-Verlag, 1994.
L. Ilie and A. Salomaa 2-testability and relabelings produce everything. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 56 (3): 253–262, 1998.
C.M. Ionescu and O. Procopiuc. Bounded communication in parallel communicating grammar systems. Journal of Information Processing and Cybernetics, 30 (2): 97–110, 1994.
M.D. Jiménez-López and C. Martin-Vide. Grammar systems for the description of certain natural language facts. In Gh. Pun and A. Salomaa, editors, New Trends in Formal Languages; Control, Cooperation and Combinatorics, volume 1218 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 288–298. Springer-Verlag, 1997.
M.D. Jiménez-López. Grammar Systems: A Formal-Language-Theoretic Framework for Linguistics and Cultural Evolution. Ph. D. Dissertation, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, 2000.
M.D. Jiménez-López. Linguistic grammar systems: A grammar systems approach to natural languages. In C. Martin-Vide and V. Mitrana editors, Grammars and Automata for String Processing: from Mathematics and Computer Science to Biology, and Back, pages 55–65. Taylor and Francis, London, 2003.
J. Kari and L. Sântean. The impact of the number of cooperating grammars on the generative power. Theoretical Computer Science, 98: 621–633, 1992.
L. Kari, A. Mateescu, Gh. Pâun, and A. Salomaa. Teams in cooperating grammar systems. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 7: 347–359, 1995.
J. Kelemen. Syntactic models of distributed cooperative systems. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 3: 1–10, 1991.
J. Kelemen. Grammar-theoretic models of multi-agent systems. Kybernetes, 23 (2): 43–50, 1994.
J. Kelemen. Artificial life-describing life-like behaviors in computational frameworks. In Gh. Pâun, editor, Artificial Life. Grammatical Models, pages 1–21. The Black Sea University Press, Bucharest, 1995.
J. Kelemen. Colonies as models of reactive systems. In Gh. Pâun and A. Salomaa editors, New Trends in Formal Languages. Control, Cooperation and Combinatorics, volume 1218 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 220235. Springer, Berlin, 1997.
J. Kelemen. On post-modularity and emergence from grammar-theoretic point of view. In P. Sincak and J. Vascak editors, Quo Vadis Computational Intelligence?, pages 342–352. Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2000.
J. Kelemen. From statistics to emergence-exercises in systems modularity. In M. Luck et al. editors, Multi-Agent Systems and Applications, volume 2086 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 281–300. Springer, Berlin, 2001.
J. Kelemen and A. Kelemenovâ. A subsumption architecture for generative symbol systems. In R. Trappl editor, Cybernetics and Systems’92, pages 15291536. World Scientific, Singapore, 1992.
J. Kelemen and A. Kelemenovâ. A grammar-theoretic treatment of multiagent systems. Cybernetics and Systems: An International
K. Krithivasan, M. Sakthi Balan, and P. Harsha. Distributed processing in automata. International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science,10(4):443–464, 1999.
N. Mandache. On the computational power of context-free PC grammar systems. Theoretical Computer Science, 237 (1–2): 135–148, 2000.
C. Martin-Vide. Natural language understanding: A new challenge for grammar systems. Acta Cybernetica, 12 (4): 461–472, 1996.
C. Martin-Vide, A. Mateescu, and V. Mitrana Parallel finite automata systems communicating by states. International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science, 12 (5): 733–749, 2002.
A. Mateescu, V. Mitrana, and A. Salomaa. Dynamical teams of cooperating grammar systems. Annales Univ. Bucure§ti Mat. Inform.,42(43)(MatematicaInformatica):3–14, 1993/94.
C. Martin-Vide and Gh. Pâun. PM-colonies. Computers and Artificial Intelligence, 17 (6): 553–582, 1998.
R. Meersman and G. Rozenberg. Cooperating grammar systems. In J. Winkowski editor, Proceedings of Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science, 1978, volume 64 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 364–373. Springer, Berlin-New York, 1978.
V. Mihalache. Parallel communicating grammar systems with query words. Analele Universitäfii Bucuregi. Matematici-Informatics, 45 (1): 81–92, 1996.
V. Mihalache. Parallel communicating grammar systems with separated alphabets. Acta Cybernetica, 12 (4): 397–409, 1996.
V. Mihalache. Decidability problems in grammar systems. Theoretical Computer Science, 215 (1–2): 169–189, 1999.
V. Mihalache and V. Mitrana. Deterministic cooperating distributed grammar systems. In Gh. Pun and A. Salomaa editors, New Trends in Formal Languages. Control, Cooperation and Combinatorics, volume 1218 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 137–149. Springer, Berlin, 1997.
V. Mitrana. Hybrid cooperating/distributed grammar systems. Computers and Artificial Intelligence, 12 (1): 83–88, 1993.
V. Mitrana. Similarity in grammar systems. Fundamenta Informaticae, 24 (3): 251–257, 1995.
V. Mitrana, Gh. Päun, and G. Rozenberg. Structuring grammar systems by priorities and hierarchies. Acta Cybernetica, 11 (3): 189–204, 1994.
D. Pardubskâ. The communication complexity hierarchy of parallel communicating grammar systems. In J. Dassow and A. Kelemenovâ, editors, Developments in Theoretical Computer Science, pages 115–122. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, London, 1992.
D. Pardubskâ. On the power of communication structure for distributive generation of languages. In G. Rozenberg and A. Salomaa, editors, Developments in Language Theory, pages 419–429. World Scientific Publishers, 1994.
Gh. Pâun. On the power of synchronization in parallel communicating grammar systems. Studii Cerecetäri Matematice, 41 (3): 191–197, 1989.
Gh. Pâun. Parallel communicating grammar systems: The context-free case. Foundations of Control Engineering, 14 (1): 39–50, 1989.
Gh. Pâun. On the syntactic complexity of parallel communicating grammar systems. Kybernetika, 28 (2): 155–166, 1992.
Gh. nun. Parallel communicating systems of L systems. In G. Rozenberg and A. Salomaa, editors, Lindenmayer Systems: Impacts on Theoretical Computer Science, Computer Graphics, and Developmental Biology, pages 405–418. Springer-Verlag, 1992.
Gh. nun. On the synchronization in parallel communicating grammar systems. Acta Informatica, 30: 351–367, 1993.
Gh. nun. On the generative capacity of hybrid CD grammar systems. Journal of Information Processing and Cybernetics EIK, 30 (4): 231–244, 1994.
Gh. nun. Membrane Computing. An Introduction., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2002.
Gh. nun, J. Dassow, and S. Skalla. On the size of components of cooperating grammar systems. In J. Karhumäki, H.A. Maurer, and G. Rozenberg editors, Results and Trends in Theoretical Computer Science, volume 812 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 325–343. Springer, Berlin, 1994.
G. nun, V. Mitrana, E. Csuhaj-Varjú, and J. Dassow. Cooperation in grammar systems: similarity, universality, timing. Cybernetica, 36 (4): 271–286, 1993.
Gh. nun, L. Polkowski, and A. Skowron. Parallel communicating grammar systems with negotiation. Fundamenta Informaticae, 28 (3–4): 315–330, 1996.
Gh. nun and G. Rozenberg. Prescribed teams of grammars. Acta Informatica, 31 (6): 525–537, 1994.
Gh. nun, A. Salomaa, and S. Vicolov. On the generative capacity of parallel communicating grammar systems. International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 45: 45–59, 1992.
Gh. nun and L. Sântean. Parallel communicating grammar systems: The regular case. Annals of the University of Bucharest, Mathematics-Informatics Series, 38 (2): 55–63, 1989.
Gh. nun and L. Sântean. Further remarks on parallel communicating grammar systems. International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 34: 187–203, 1990.
D. Popescu. Parallel communicating grammar systems with communication by signals. In Gh. nun and A. Salomaa, editors, New Trends in Formal Languages; Control, Cooperation, and Combinatorics, volume 1218 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 267–277. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997.
O. Procopiuc, C. M. Ionescu, and F. L. Tiplea. Parallel communicating grammar systems: The context-sensitive case. International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 49: 145–156, 1993.
B. Reichel. Some classification of context-free languages. Journal of Information Processing and Cybernetics EIK, 26 (1–2): 85–99, 1990.
F. L. Tiplea, C. Ene, C. M. Ionescu, and O. Procopiuc. Some decision problems for parallel communicating grammar systems. Theoretical Computer Science, 134: 365–385, 1994.
Gy. Vaszil. Parallel communicating grammar systems without a master. Computers and Artificial Intelligence, 15 (2–3): 185–198, 1996.
Gy. Vaszil. On simulating non-returning PC grammar systems with returning systems. Theoretical Computer Science, 209: 319–329, 1998.
Gy. Vaszil. On parallel communicating Lindenmayer systems. In Gh. Pun and A. Salomaa, editors, Grammatical Models of Multi-Agent Systems, volume 8 of Topics in Computer Mathematics, pages 99–112. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1999.
S. Vicolov. Non-centralized parallel communicating grammar systems. Studii 0 Cercetäri Matematice. Mathematical Reports, 44 (5): 455–462, 1992.
S. Vicolov. Cooperating/distributed grammar systems with registers: the regular case. Computers and Artificial Intelligence, 12 (1): 89–98, 1993.
S. Vicolov-Dumitrescu. Grammars, grammar systems, and gsm mappings with valences. In Gh. Päun editor, Mathematical Aspects of Natural and Formal Languages, World Scientific Series in Computer Science 43, pages 473–491. World Scientific, Singapore, 1994.
D. Wätjen. On cooperating/distributed limited OL systems. Journal of Information Processing and Cybernetics EIK, 29: 129–142, 1993.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Csuhaj-Varjú, E. (2004). Grammar Systems. In: Martín-Vide, C., Mitrana, V., Păun, G. (eds) Formal Languages and Applications. Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, vol 148. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39886-8_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39886-8_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-53554-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-39886-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive