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Root-Soil Interactions

  • Chapter
Reactions and Processes

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC2,volume 2 / 2D))

Summary

Root-soil interactions are physical, chemical and biological; the last two are stressed here. Changes in soil around the root follow the development of the root itself. Root density in different parts of soil is partly due to the genetic composition of the plant, partly to soil properties, including nutrient concentrations and water logging. The nutrient needs of plants, the ways in which nutrients are made available to plant roots and the mechanisms of transport are discussed, together with the value of modelling of root-soil interactions.

A large number of the most important chemical reactions in soil are mediated through the microbiological population. This includes all processes of organic material breakdown, and nearly all the important nitrogen transformations in soil. Microbes are strongly concentrated on the surface of roots and around them, largely due to the deposition of organic matter from the root into its immediate surroundings. Decomposition rates are therefore very high, but it is not clear whether nitrogen transformations are altered to an important extent. This activity may increase the soil availability of phosphate and trace elements. Symbiotic microbial systems mediate N2 fixation and increase uptake of phosphorus and trace elements from soil.

It is important that the root also changes the pH at its surface, mainly because of differences in the cation and anion uptake rates, and this has large effects on nutrient availability. The consequences of this are not yet fully understood. Some soils have potentially toxic concentrations of heavy metals, and a decrease in pH would intensify this. A major effect of acidity is the production of aluminium ions. Different plant species have very different susceptibility to toxic metals. A number of organic toxins may also be found in soil, some produced microbially in water-logged conditions, but a few exuded from roots.

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  1. Natural Environment Research Council, Terrestrial and Freshwater Sciences Directorate, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, SN2 1EU, UK

    P. B. Tinker

  2. Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK

    P. B. Barraclough

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Tinker, P.B., Barraclough, P.B. (1988). Root-Soil Interactions. In: Reactions and Processes. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 2 / 2D. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39460-0_5

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