Auszug
Das Lungenödem ist charakterisiert durch eine vermehrte interstitielle und/oder alveoläre Flüssigkeitseinlagerung. Zugrunde liegt entweder eine Erhöhung des kapillären Filtrationsdrucks, die zumeist kardial verursacht ist, oder eine erhöhte Durchlässigkeit der pulmonalen Gefäßschranke (⊡ Tab. 9.1).
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Literatur
Amato MBP, Barbas CSV, Medeiros DM et al. (1998) Effect of a protective ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 338:347–354
Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, et al. (2002) Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortison and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 288:862–871
Antonelli M, Conti G, Rocco M et al. (1998) A comparison of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 339:429–435
Ashbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty TL, Levine BE (1967) Acute Respiratory Distress in Adults. Lancet II:319–323
Bernard GR, Luce JM, L Sprung Ch et al. (1987) High-dose corticosteroids in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 317:1565–1570
Brochard L, Roudot-Thoraval F (1997) Collaborative group on VT reduction. Tidal volume reduction in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a multicenter randomized study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:A505
Driks MR, Craven CE, Cell BR et al. (1987) Nosocomial pneumonia in intubated patients given sucralfate as compared with antacids or histamine type 2 blockers. N Engl J Med 317:1376–1382
Gattinoni L, Tognoni G, Pesenti A et al. (2001) Supine study group effect of prone positioning on the survival of patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 345: 568–573
Gregory TJ, Steinberg KP, Spragg R et al. (1997) Bovine surfactant therapy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Crit Care Med 155:1309–1315
Günther A, Siebert C, Schmidt R et al. (1996) Surfactant alterations in severe pneumonia, ARDS, and cardiogenic lung edema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153:176–184
Hudson LD (1998) Protective ventilation for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 338: 385–387
Kuhlen R, Guttmann J, Rossaint R (Hrsg) Neue Formen der assistierten Spontanatmung. Urban & Fischer, München 2000
Langer M, Mascheroni D, Marcolin R, Gattinoni L (1988) The prone position in ARDS patients. Chest 94:103–107
Morris AH, Wallace CJ, Menlove RL et al. (1994) Randomized clinical trial of pressure controlled inverse ratio ventilation and extracorporeal CO2 removal for adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:295–305
Radermacher P, Santak B, Becker H, Falke KJ (1989) Prostaglandin E1 and nitroglycerin reduce pulmonary capillary pressure but worsen ventilation-perfusion distributions in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology 70:601–606
Rossaint R, Lopez S, Falke KJ, Slama K, Pison U, Zapol WM (1993) Inhaled nitric oxide for the adult respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 328:399–405
Schuller D, Mitchell JP, Calandrino FS, Schuster DP(1991) Fluid balance during pulmonary edema. Is fluid gain a marker or a cause of poor outcome? Chest 100:1068–1075
Singer P, Theilla M, Fisher H et al. (2006) Benefit of an enteral diet enriched with eicospentaenoic acid and gamma linolenic acid ventilated patients with acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 34:1033–1038
Slotman GJ, Burchard KW, D’Arezzo A et al. (1988) Ketaconazole prevents acute respiratory failure in critically ill surgical patients. J Trauma 28:648–654
Slutsky AS (1994) Consensus conference on mechanical ventilation January 28–30, 1993 at Northbrook, Illinois, USA, part I. Intensive Care Med 150:1722–1737
Spragg RG, Lewis JF, Walmrath HD et al. (2004) Effect of recombinant surfactant protein C-based surfactant on the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 351:884–889
Stewart TE, Meade MO, Cook DJ (1998) Evaluation of a ventilation strategy to prevent baro-trauma in patients at high risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 338:355–361
Sznajder JI, Wood LDH (1991) Beneficial effects of reducing pulmonary edema in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Chest 100:890–891
The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (2006) Pulmonary-Artery versus Central Venous Catheter to Guide Treatment of Acute Lung Injury. N Engl J Med 354:2213–2224
The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (2006) Efficacy and Safety of Corticosteroids for Persistent Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med 354:1671–1684
The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (2006) Comparison of Two Fluid-Management Strategies in Acute Lung Injury. N Engl J Med 354:2564–2575
The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (2000) Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342:1301–1308
Walmrath D, Günther A, Ghofrani HA, Schermuly R, Schneider T, Grimminger F, Seeger W (1996) Bronchoscopic surfactant administration in patients with severe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154:57–62
Walmrath D, Schneider T, Pilch J, Grimminger F, Seeger W (1993) Aerolised prostacyclin reduces pulmonary artery pressure and improves gas exchange in the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Lancet 342:961–962
Walmrath D, Schermuly R, Schneider T, Olschewski H, Grimminger F, Seeger W (1996) Direct comparison of inhaled nitric oxide and aerosolized prostazyklin in ARDS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153:991–996
Zapol WM, Riman S, Gillis N, Marletta M, Bosken CH (1994) Nitric oxide and the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:1375–1380
Literatur
Abenhaim L, Moride Y, Brenot F et al. (1996) Appetite-suppressant drugs and the risk of primary pulmonary hypertension. International Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group. N Engl J Med 335:609–616
Adnot S, Andrivet P, Chabrier PE et al. (1989) Atrial natriuretic factor in chronic obstructive lung disease with pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest 83:986–993
Ali FY, Egan K, Fitzgerald GA et al. (2006) Role of Prostacyclin Receptor Versus PPARta with Treprostinil Sodium on Lung Fibroblast Proliferation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 34(2):242–246
Alpert MA, Pressly TA, Mukerji V, Lambert CR, Mukerji B (1992) Short and long-term hemodynamic effects of captopril in patients with pulmonary hypertension and selected connective tissue disease. Chest 102:1407–1412
Archer SL, Souil E, Dihn-Xuan AT, Schremmer B, Mercier JC, El Yaagoubi E (1998) Molecular identification of the role of voltage-tagged K+ channels, Kv 1.5 and 2.1 in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and control of resting membrane potentials in rat arterial myocytes. J Clin Invest 10:1–12
Archer SL, Kjaballah K, Humbert M, Weir EK, Fartoukh M, Simmonneau G, Dinh-Yuan AT (1998) Nitric oxide deficiency in pulmonary hypertension associated with use of the anorectic agents fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine. Am J Respir Crit Med 157:594
Asherson RA, Khamashta MA, Ordi-Ros J (1989) The primary antiphospholipid syndrome: major clinical and serological features. Medicine 68:366–374
Bärtsch P, Waber U, Haeberli A, Maggiorni M, Kriemler S, Oelz O, Straub WP (1987) Enhanced fibrin formation in high altitude pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol 63:752–757
Bärtsch P, Vock P, Maggiorni M et al. (1990) Respiratory symptoms, radiographic and physiologic correlations at high altitude. In: Coates G, Remmers J, Sutton J (eds) Hypoxia: the Adaptations. Decker, Toronto, pp 241–245
Bärtsch P (1997) High altitude pulmonary edema. Respiration 64:435–443
Barman SA (1995) Effect of catecholamines on pulmonary circulation at elevated vascular tone. J Appl Physiol 78:1452–1458
Barst, RJ, Rubin LJ, McGoon MD, Caldwell EJ, Long WA, Levy PS (1994) Survival in primary pulmonary hypertension with longterm continuous intravenous prostacyclin. Ann Int Med 121:409–415
Barst RJ, Rubin LJ, Long A and the Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group (1996) A comparison of continuous intravenous epoprostenol (prostacyclin) with conventional therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 334:296–302
Bartosik I, Eskilsson J, Scheja A, Abesson A (1996) Intermittent iloprost therapy of pulmonary hypertension in scleroderma — a pilot study (Letter). Br J Rheumatol 35:1187–1188
Bartram SA, Denton CP, du Bois RM, Black CM (1995) Sustained improvement in scleroderma associated pulmonary hypertension following pulsed intravenous prostacyclin therapy. Arthritis Rheum 38:307
Botney MD (1999) Role of hemodynamics in pulmonary vascular remodeling: implications for primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159:361–364
Cargill RI, Lipworth BJ (1995) Pulmonary vasorelaxant activity of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in humans. Thorax 50:183–185
Carosi JA, McIntire LV (1993) Effects of cyclicyl strain on the production of vasoactive materials by cultured human and bocine endothelial cells. Eur Respir Rev 3:598–608
Chapelier A, Vouhe P, Macchiarini P et al. (1993) Comparative outcome of heart-lung and lung transplantation for pulmonary hypertension. J Thrac Cardiovasc Surg 106:299–307
Christman BW, McPherson CD, Newman JH, King GA, Bernard GR, Groves BM, Loyd JE (1992) An imbalance between the excretion of thromboxane and prostacyclin metabolites in pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 327:70–75
Cool SD, Tuder RM, Voelekl NF (1997) Plexiform pulmonary vascular lesions in scleroderma and AIDS: is there a common pathogenesis? Hum Pathol 28:434–442
Cremona, G, Higgenbottam T (1995) Role of prostacyclin in the treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol 75:67A–71A
Davis P, Burke G, Reid L (1986) The structure of the wall of the rat intraacinar pulmonary artery: an electron microscopic study of microdissected preparations. Microvasc Res 32:50–63
Dickey BF, Myers AR (1988) Pulmonary manifestations of collagen-vascular diseases, vol 2, part 6. In: Fishman AP (ed) Pulmonary diseases and disorders. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 645–663
Dinh-Xuan AT, Higenbottam TW, Clelland C, Pepke-Zaba J, Cremona G, Wallwork J (1990) Impairment of pulmonary endothelium-dependent relaxations in patients with Eisenmenger’s syndrome. Br J Pharmacol 99:9–10
Dorfmuller P, Humbert M, Capron F, Muller KM (2003) Pathology and aspects of pathogenesis in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 20:9–19
Erkan F, Cadvar T (1992) Pulmonary vasculitis in Behcet’s disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 146:232–239
Galie N, Ghofrani HA, Torbicki A et al. (2005) Sildenafil citrate therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med 353:2148–2157
Galie N, Seeger W, Naeije R, Simonneau G, Rubin LJ (2004) Comparative analysis of clinical trials and evidence-based treatment algorithm in pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:81S–88S
Gaßner A, Friedrich L, Vagner M, Pichler M (1985) Pulmonale Hypertonie bei chronischer Atemwegsobstruktion. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 110:247–252
Gaßner A, Friedrich L, Sommer G (1986) Ventrikuläre Rhythmusstörungen bei pulmonaler Hypertonie und chronischer obstruktiver Lungenerkrankung. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 111:1218–1220
Ghofrani HA, Wiedemann R, Rose F et al. (2002a) Sildenafil for treatment of lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 360:895–900
Ghofrani HA, Wiedemann R, Rose F et al. (2002b) Combination therapy with oral sildenafil and inhaled iloprost for severe pulmonary hypertension. Ann Intern Med 136:515–522
Ghofrani HA, Rose F, Schermuly RT et al. (2003) Oral sildenafil as long-term adjunct therapy to inhaled iloprost in severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:158–164
Ghofrani HA, Reichenberger F, Kohstall MG et al. (2004) Sildenafil increased exercise capacity during hypoxia at low altitudes and at Mount Everest base camp: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Ann Intern Med 141:169–177
Ghofrani HA, Seeger W, Grimminger F (2005) Imatinib for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med 353:1412–1413
Giaid A, Yanagisawa M, Langleben D et al. (1993) Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 328:1732–1739
Giaid A, Saleh D (1995) Reduced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 333:214–221
Grimminger F, Weissmann N, Spriesterbach R, Becker E, Rosseau S, Seeger W (1995) Effects of NADPH Oxidase-inhibitors on hypoxic vasoconstriction in buffer-perfused rabbit lungs. Lung Cell Mol Biol 268:747–752
Grosser T, Bonisch D, Zucker TP, Schror K (1995) Iloprost-induced inhibition of proliferation of coronary artery smooth muscle cells is abolished by homologous desensitization. Agents Actions Suppl 45:85–91
Hackett PH, Rennie D, Levine HD (1976) The incidence, importance, and prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness. Lancet 11:1149–1154
Hassoun PM, Thappa V, Landman MJ, Fanburg BL (1992) Endothelin 1: mitogenic activity on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and release from hypoxic endothelial cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 199:165–170
Haufe, MC, Gerzer R, Weil J, Ernst JE, Theisen K (1988) Verapamil impairs secretion of stimulated atrial natriuretic factor in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 11:1199–1203
Haworth SG (1988) Pulmonary vascular remodeling in neonatal pulmonary hypertension — State of the art. Chest 93:133S–138S
Herget J, Palecek F, Preclik P, Cermakova M, Vizek M, Petrovicka M (1981) Pulmonary hypertension induced by repeated pulmonary inflammation in the rat. J Appl Physiol 51:755–761
Herve J, Launay JM, Scrobohaci ML et al. (1995) Increase plasma serotonin in primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Med 99:249–254
Herve P, Lebrec D, Brenot F, Simmoneau G, Humbert M, Sitbon O, Duroux P (1998) Pulmonary vascular disorders in portal hypertension. Eur Respir J 11:1153–1166
Higgenbottam T, Wheeldon D, Wells F, Wallwork J (1984) Longterm treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension with continuous intravenous epoprostenol (prostacyclin). Lancet 1:1046–1047
Higgenbottam TW, Spiegelhalter D, Scott JP, Fuster V, Dinh-Xuan AT, Ccaine N, Wallwork J (1993) The value of prostacyclin (epoprostenol) and heart-lung transplantation for severe pulmonary hypertension. Br Heart J 70:366–370
Hoeper MM, Schwarze M, Ehlerding S, Adler-Schuermeyer A, Spiekerkoetter E, Niedermeyer J, Hamm M, Fabel H (2000) Longterm treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension with aerosolized iloprost, a prostacyclin analogue. N Eng J Med 342:1866–1870
Hoeper MM, Faulenbach C, Golpon H, Winkler J, Welte T, Niedermeyer J (2004) Combination therapy with bosentan and sildenafil in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 24:1007–1010
Hochstrasser J, Nanzer A, Oelz O (1986) Das Höhenlungenödem in den Schweizer Alpen. Beobachtungen über Inzidenz, Klinik und Verlauf bei 50 Patienten der Jahre 1980–1984. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 116:866–873
Humbert M, Monti G, Fartoukh M et al. (1998) Platelet-derived growth factor expression in primary pulmonary hypertension: comparison of HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative patients. Eur Respir J 11:554–559
Hyman AL, Kadowitz PJ (1979) Pulmonary vasodilator activity of prostacyclin in the cat. Circ Res 45:404–409
Ichonese F, Adrie C, Hurford WE, Zapol WM (1995) Prolonged pulmonary vasodilator action of inhaled nitric oxide by Zaprinast in awake lambs. J Appl Physiol 78:1288–1295
Janssens SP, Bloch KD, Nong Z, Gerard RD, Zoldhelyi P, Collen D (1996) Adenoviral-mediated transfer of the human endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene reduces acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in rats. J Clin Invest 98:317–324
Kalra L, Bone MF (1993) Effect of nifedipine on physiologic shunting and oxygenation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med 94:419–423
Kerstein D, Levy PS, Hsu DT, Hordof AJ, Gersony WM, Barst RJ (1995) Blade balloon atrial septostomy in patients with severe primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 91:2028–2035
Klinger JR, Petit RA, Warburton RR, Wrenn DS, Arnal F, Hill NS (1993) Neutral endopeptidase inhibition attenuates development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats. J Appl Physiol 75:1615–1623
Kobayashi T, Koyama S, Kubo K, Fukushima M, Kusama S (1987) Clinical features of patients with high-altitude pulmonary edema in Japan. Chest 92:814–821
Kshettry VR, Kroshus TJ, Savik K, Hertz MI, Bolman M (1996) Primary pulmonary hypertension as a risk factor for the development of obliterative bronchiolitis in lung allograft recipients. Chest 110:704–709
Lane KB, Machado RD, Pauciulo MW et al. (2000) Heterozygous germline mutations in BMPR2, encoding a TGF-beta receptor, cause familial primary pulmonary hypertension. The International PPH Consortium. Nat Genet 26:81–84
Lee S, Wang WW, Lanzillo JJ, Fanburg BL (1994) Serotonin produces both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in culture. Am J Physiol 266:46–52
Lee S, Shroyer KR, Markham NE, Cool CD, Voelkel NF, Tuder RM (1998) Monoclonal endothelial cell proliferation is present in primary but not secondary pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest 101:927–934
Loscalzo J (1995) Nitric oxide and vascular disease. N Engl J Med 333:251–253
Martin-Duran R, Larman M, Trugeda A et al. (1986) Comparison of Doppler-determined elevated pulmonary arterial pressure with pressure measured at cardiac catheterization. Am J Cardiol 57:859–863
Mata J de la, Gomez-Sanchez MA, Aranzana M, Gomez-Reino JJ (1994) Long-term iloprost infusion therapy for severe pulmonary hypertension in patients with connective tissue diseases. Arthritis Rheum 37:1528–1533
Mathur PN, Powles ACP, Pugsley SO, McEwan MP, Campbell EJM (1981) Effect of digoxin on right ventricular function in severe chronic airflow obstruction. Ann Intern Med 95:283–288
McDonnell PJ, Toye PA, Hutchins GM (1983) Primary pulmonary hypertension and cirrhosis: are they related? Am Rev Respir Dis 127:437–441
McLaughlin VV, Oudiz RJ, Frost A, Tapson VF, Murali S, Channick RN, Badesch DB, Barst RJ, Hsu HH, Rubin LJ (2006) Randomized study of adding inhaled iloprost to existing bosentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174(11):1257–63. Epub 2006 Aug 31
McQuillan LP, Leung GK, Marsden PA, Kostyk SK, Kourembanas S (1994) Hypoxia inhibits expression of eNOS via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Am J Physiol 267:1921–1927
Miyamoto S, Nagaya N, Satoh T, Kyotani S, Sakamaki F, Fujita M, Nakanishi N, Miyatake K (2000) Clinical correlates and prognostic significance of six-minute walk test in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Comparison with cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:487–492
Moncada S, Vane JR (1979) Arachidonic acid metabolites and the interactions between platelets and blood vessel walls. N Engl J Med 300:1142–1147
Moncada S, Palmer R, Higgs E (1991) Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 43:109–142
Morse JH, Jones AC, Barst RJ, Hodge SE, Wilhelmsen KC, an Nygaard TG (1997) Mapping of familial primary pulmonary hypertension locus (PPH1) to chromosome 2q31–q32. Circulation 95:2603–2606
Moser KM, Auger WR, Fedullo PF (1990) Chronic major-vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 81:1735–1743
Nichols WC, Koller DL, Slovis B et al. (1997) Localization of the gene for familial primary pulmonary hypertension to chromosome 2q31–32. Nat Genet 15:277–280
Olschewski H, Walmrath D, Schermuly R, Ghofrani HA, Grimminger F, W Seeger (1996) Aerosolised prostacyclin and iloprost in primary pulmonary hypertension. Ann Intern Med 124:820–824
Olschewski H, Ghofrani HA, Walmrath D et al. (1999) Inhaled prostacyclin and iloprost in severe pulmonary hypertension secondary to lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:600–607
Olschewski H, Ghofrani HA, Schmehl T, Winkler J, Wilkens H, Höper M, Behr J, Kleber F-X, Seeger W, and the German PPH study group (2000) Inhaled iloprost to treat severe pulmonary hypertension. An uncontrolled trial. German PPH study group. Ann Intern Med 132(6):435–443
Olschewski H, Rose F, Grunig E et al (2001) Cellular pathophysiology and therapy of pulmonary hypertension. J Lab Clin Med 138:367–377
Olschewski H, Simonneau G, Galie N et al. (2002) Inhaled iloprost for severe pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 347:322–329
Ono S, Westcott JY, Voelkel NF (1992) PAF antagonists inhibit pulmonary vascular remodelling induced by hepobaric hypoxia in rats. J Appl Physiol 73:1084–1092
Porter TR, Taylor DO, Cycan A, Fields J, Bagley CW, Pandian NG, Mohanty PK (1993) Endothelium-dependent pulmonary artery responses in chronic heart failure: influence of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 22:1418–1424
Reeve HL, Archer SL, Weir EK (1997) Ion channels in the pulmonary vasculature. Pulm Pharm Therap 10:243–252
Rich S, Pietra GG, Kieras K, Hart K, Brundage BH (1986) Primary pulmonary hypertension: radiographic and scintigraphic patterns of histologic subtypes. Ann Intern Med 105:499–502
Rich S, Kaufmann E, Levy PS (1992) The effect of high doses of calcium-channel blockers on survival in primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 327:76–81
Rubin LJ, Mendoza J, Hood M et al. (1990) Treatment of pulmonary hypertension with continuous intravenous prostacyclin (epoprostenol). Ann Intern Med 112:485–491
Rubin LJ (1997) Current Concept — Primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 336:111–116
Rubin LJ, Badesch DB, Barst RJ et al. (2002) Bosentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med 346:896–903
Saadjian AY, Philip-Joet FF, Vestri R, Arnaud AG (1988) Long-term treatment of chronic obstructive lung disease by nifedipine: an 18-month haemodynamic study. Europ Resp J 1:716–720
Sandoval J, Bauerle O, Palomar A, Gomez A, Martinez-Guerra ML, Beltran M, Guerrero L (1994) Survival in primary pulmonary hypertension. Validation of a prognostic equation. Circulation 89:1733–1744
Schermuly RT, Kreisselmeier KP, Ghofrani HA et al. (2004) Chronic sildenafil treatment inhibits monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169:39–45
Schermuly RT, Dony E, Ghofrani HA et al. (2005) Reversal of experimental pulmonary hypertension by PDGF inhibition. J Clin Invest 115:2811–2821
Simonneau G, Galie N, Rubin LJ et al. (2004) Clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:5S–12S
Simonneau G, Barst RJ, Galie N et al. (2002) Continuous subcutaneous infusion of treprostinil, a prostacyclin analogue, in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:800–804
Singh I, Kapila CC, Khanna PK, Nanda RB, Rao BDP (1965) Highaltitude pulmonary oedema. Lancet i:229–234
Speich R, Jenni R, Opravil M, Pfab M, Russi EW (1991) Primary pulmonary hypertension in HIV infection. Chest 100:1268–1271
Stenmark KR, Mecham RP (1997) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pulmonary vascular remodeling. Annu Rev Physiol 59:89–144
Tantini B, Manes A, Fiumana E, Pignatti C, Guarnieri C, Zannoli R, Md AB, Galie N (2005) Antiproliferative effect of sildenafil on human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Basic Res Cardiol 100:131–138
Tuder RM, Groves B, Badesch DB, Voelkel NF (1994) Exuberant endothelial cell growth and elements of inflammation are present in plexiform lesions of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Pathol 144:275–285
Tuxen DV, Powles AC, Mathur PN, Pugsley SO, Campbell EJ (1984) Detrimental effects of hydralazine in patients with chronic airflow obstruction and pulmonary hypertension. A combined hemodynamic and radionuclide study. Am Rev Respir Dis 129:388–395
Voelkel NF, Cool C, Lee SD, Wright L, Geraci MW, Tuder RM (1998) Primary pulmonary hypertension between inflammation and cancer. Chest 114:225–230
Wagenvoort CA (1960) Vasoconstriction and medical hypertrophy in pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 22:535–546
Walmrath D, Schneider T, Pilch J, Grimminger F, Seeger W (1993) Aerosolized prostacyclin reduces pulmonary artery pressure and improves gas exchange in the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Lancet 342:961–962
Walmrath D, Schneider T, Pilch J, Schermuly R, Grimminger F, Seeger W (1995) Effects of aerosolized prostacyclin in severe pneumonia. Impact of fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151:724–730
Wei CM, Lerman A, Rodeheffer RJ, McGregor CG et al. (1994) Endothelin in human congestive heart failure. Circulation 89:1580–1586
Wensel R, Opitz CF, Ewert R, Bruch L, Kleber FX (2000) Effects of iloprost inhalation on exercise capacity and ventilatory efficiency in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 101:2388–2392
Williamson DJ, Wallman LL, Jones R et al. (2000) Hemodynamic effects of Bosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 102:411–418
Winter RJ, Zhao L, Krausz T, Hughes JM (1991) Neutral endopetidase 24.11 inhibition reduces pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. Am Rev Respir Dis 144:1342–1346
Wood P (1958) Pulmonary hypertension with special reference to the vasoconstrictive factor. Br Heart J 20:557–570
Wort SJ, Mitchell JA, Woods M, Evans TW, Warner TD (2000) The prostacyclin-mimetic cicaprost inhibits endogenous endothelin-1 release from human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 36:S410–S413
Wright L, Tuder RM, Wang J, Cool CD, Lepley RA, Voelkel NF (1998) 5-Lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) immunoreactivity in lungs from patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:219–229
Youngson C, Nurse C, Yeger H, Cutz E (1993) Oxygen sensing in airway chemoreceptors. Nature 365:153–155
Yuan JX, Aldinger AM, Juhaszowa M et al. (1998) Dysfunctional voltage-gated K+ channels in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells of patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 14:1400–1406
Yi ES, Kim H, Ahn H, Strother J, Morris T, Masliah E, Hansen LA, Park K, Friedman PJ (2000) Distribution of obstructive intimal lesions and their cellular phenotypes in chronic pulmonary hypertension. A morphometric and immunohistochemical study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:1577–1586
Zapol W, Rimar S, Gillis N, Marletta M, Boslaw C (1994) Nitric oxide and the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:1375–1380
Literatur
Buller HR, Agnelli G, Hull RD, Hyers TM, Prins MH, Raskob GE (2004) Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 126(3 Suppl):401S–428S
Goldhaber SZ, Visani L, De Rosa M (1999) Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER). Lancet 353(9162):1386–1389
Gosser KD (1980) Lung embolism — Diagnosis and differential therapeutic problems. Internist 21(5):273–282
Horlander KT, Mannino DM, Leeper KV (2003) Pulmonary embolism mortality in the United States, 1979–1998: an analysis using multiple-cause mortality data. Arch Intern Med 163(14):1711–1717
Kasper W, Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Olschewski M, Heinrich F, Grosser KD et al. (1997a) Management strategies and determinants of outcome in acute major pulmonary embolism: results of a multicenter registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 30(5):1165–1171
Kasper W, Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Tiede N, Krause T, Just H (1997b) Prognostic significance of right ventricular afterload stress detected by echocardiography in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism. Heart; 77(4):346–349
Stein PD, Terrin ML, Hales CA, Palevsky HI, Saltzman HA, Thompson BT et al. (1991) Clinical, laboratory, roentgenographic, and electrocardiographic findings in patients with acute pulmonary embolism and no pre-existing cardiac or pulmonary disease. Chest 100(3):598–603
Wan S, Quinlan DJ, Agnelli G, Eikelboom JW (2004) Thrombolysis compared with heparin for the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. Circulation 110(6):744–749
Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, Stiell I, Dreyer JF, Barnes D et al. (2001) Excluding pulmonary embolism at the bedside without diagnostic imaging: management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism presenting to the emergency department by using a simple clinical model and d-dimer. Ann Intern Med 135(2):98–107
Literatur
Asayama J, Shiguma R, Katsume H, Ijichi H (1984) Pulmonary varix. Angiology 35/11:735–9
Bahler RC, Carson P, Traks E, Levene A, Gillespie D (1969) Absent right pulmonary artery. Problems in diagnosis and management. Am J Med 46/1:64–71
Baum D, Khoury GH, Ongley PA et al. (1964) Congenital stenosis of the pulmonary artery branches. Circulation 29:680–684
Bove EL, de Leval MR, Taylor JF, Macartney FJ, Szarnicki RJ, Stark J (1981) Infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage: surgical treatment and long-term results. Ann Thorac Surg 31/6:544–550
Burke CM, Safai C, Nelson DP, Raffin TA (1986) Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: a critical update. Am Rev Respir Dis 134/2:334–339
Chilvers ER, Whyte MK, Jackson JE, Allison DJ, Hughes JM (1990) Effect of percutaneous transcatheter embolization on pulmonary function, right-to-left shunt, and arterial oxygenation in patients with pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. Am Rev Respir Dis 14272:420–425
Chiu RCJ, Herba MJ, Vilora J Mulder DS (1981) Thoracopulmonary hypogenesis with systemic artery-pulmonary vessel fistulae: report of a case. Ann Thorac Surg 31:360–363
Cogswell TL, Singh S (1986) Agenesis of the left pulmonary artery as a cause of hemoptysis. Angiology 37:154–159
Dighiero J, Fiandra O, Barcia A et al.(1957) Multiple pulmonary stenoses with pulmonary hypertension. Report of a case. Acta Radiol 48:439–443
Dines DE, Arms RA, Bernatz PE, Gomes MR (1974) Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas. Mayo Clin Proc 49/7:460–465
Elliott LP, Schiebler GL (1971) A roentgenologic-electrocardiographic approach to cyanotic forms of heart disease. Pediatr Clin North Am 18/4:1133–1161
Gay BB, Franch RH, Shuford WH et al.(1963) The roentgenologic features of single and multiple coarctations of the pulmonary artery and branches. Am J Roentgenol 90:599–605
Gomes MR, Bernatz PE, Dines DE (1969) Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas. Ann Thorac Surg 7/6:582–593
Gumbiner CH, Mullins CE, McNamara DG (1980) Pulmonary artery sling. Am J Cardiol 45/2:311–315
Hatten HP, Lorman JG, Rosenbaum HD (1977) Pulmonary sling in the adult. AJR Am J Roentgenol 128/6:919–921
Hughes CW, Rumore PC (1944) Anomalous pulmonary veins. Arch Pathol 37:364–371
Kiely B, Filler J, Stone S et al.(1967) Syndrome of anomalous venous drainage of the right lung to the inferior vena cava. A review of 67 reported cases and three new cases in children. Am J Cardiol 20:102–105
Kissner DG, Sorkin RP (1986) Anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Medical therapy. Chest 89/5:752–754
Klinck GH, Hunt HD (1933) Pulmonary varix with spontanous rupture and death. Report of a case. Arch Pathol 15:227–235
Kozuka T, Nosaki T (1968) A pulmonary vein anomaly: unusual connection and tortuosity of the right lower lobe vein. Br J Radiol 41/483:232–234
McDonald AH, Gerlis LM, Sommerville J (1969) Familial arteriopathy with associated pulmonary and systemic arterial stenoses. Br heart J 31:375–379
Mortensson W, Lundström NR (1974) Congenital obstruction of the pulmonary veins at their atrial junctions. Review of the literature and a case report. Am Heart J 87:359–365
Pennington DW, Gold WM, Gordon RL, Steiger D, Ring EJ, Golden JA (1992) Treatment of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations by therapeutic embolization. Rest and exercise physiology in eight patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 145/5:1047–1051
Savic B, Birtel FJ, Tholen W, Funke HD, Knoche R (1979) Lung sequestration: report of seven cases and review of 540 published cases. Thorax 34/1:96–101
Stone DN, Bein ME, Garris JB (1980) Anomalous left pulmonary artery: two new adult cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 135/6: 1259–1263
Winfield ME, McDonnel GM, Steckel RJ (1964) Multiple coarctations of the pulmonary arteries with associated infundibular pulmonic stenosis. Case report with serial right-heart catheterization studies obtainesat a three-year interval. Radiology 83:854–857
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ghofrani, A. et al. (2008). Lungengefäßerkrankungen. In: Matthys, H., Seeger, W. (eds) Klinische Pneumologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37692-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37692-7_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-37682-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-37692-7
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)