Abstract
This review is based on four interrelated assumptions: (1) The central problem in differentiation is understanding how coupled bits of information unavailable in a mother cell become available in daughter cells (Holtzer et al., 1973); (2) The genetic controls regulating rates of synthesis of constitutive molecules such as glucose-6-phosphatase or RNA polymerases, or organelles such as mitochondria or ribosomes are, for the most part, independent of the regulatory controls for differentiation; (3) All embryonic cells—zygote, blastula, gastrula, stem-cells, etc.—exist as differentiated cell types, each committed to a unique and limited program of synthesis (Holtzer, 1968, 1970); and (4) The number of options for transition in a developmental program available to any one cell, whether from an embryo or mature organism, is never greater than two (Abbott et al., 1974).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbott, J., Mayne, R., Holtzer, H.: Inhibition of cartilage development in organ cultures by the thymidine analogue, 5-bromo-2 deoxyuridine. Develop. Biol. 28, 430–442 (1972).
Abbott, J., Schlitz, J., Dienstman, S.R., Holtzer, H.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (in press) (1974).
Adelstein, R.S., Conti, M.: The characterization of contractile proteins from platelets and fibroblasts. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 37, 599–605 (1973).
Bellairs, R.: Developmental processes in higher vertebrates. London: Logos Press 1971.
Bischoff, R., Holtzer, H.: The effect of mitotic inhibitors on myogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 36, 111–128(1968).
Bischoff, R., Holtzer, H.: Mitosis and the processes of differentiation of myogenic cells in vitro. J. Cell Biol. 41, 188(1969).
Bischoff, R., Holtzer, H.: Inhibition of myoblast fusion after one round of DNA synthesis in 5-bromodeoxyuridine. J. Cell Biol. 44, 134–150 (1970).
Bray, D.: Cytoplasmic actin: A comparative study. Cold Spring Harbor. Symp. Quant. Biol. 37, 567–571(1973).
Buckley, P., Konigsberg, I.: Myogenic fusion and the duration of the post-mitotic gap (Gl). Develop. Biol. 37, 193(1974).
Carter, S. B.: Effects of cytochalasins on mammalian cells. Nature 213, 261–4 (1967).
Cohen, I., Cohen, C: A tropomyosin-like protein from human platelets. J. Mol. Biol. 68, 383 (1972).
Coleman, J., Coleman, A.: Muscle differentiation and macromolecular synthesis. J. Cell Physiol. 72, (Supp. 1) 19–34 (1968).
Dienstman, S.R., Biehl, J., Holtzer, S., Holtzer, H.: Myogenic and Chondrogenic Lineages in Developing Limb Buds Grown in vitro. Develop. Biol. 39, 83–95 (1974).
Doering, J., Fischman, D.: The in vitro cell fusion of embryonic chick muscle without DNA synthesis. Develop. Biol. 36, 225–235 (1974).
Easton, T., Reich, E.: Muscle differentiation in cell culture. Effects of nucleoside inhibitors and rous sarcoma virus. J. Biol. Chem. 247, 6427–6431 (1972).
Edelman, G., Gall, W.: The antibody problem. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 38, 415–466 (1969).
Elzinga, M., Collins, J.: The amino acid sequence of rabbit skeletal muscle actin. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 37, 1–7 (1973).
Fambrough, D., Rash, J.: Development of acetylcholine sensitivity during myogenesis. Develop. Biol. 26, 55–68 (1972).
Fine, R., Blitz, A., Hitchcock, S., Kaminer, B.: Tropomyosin in brain and growing nerves. Nature New Biol. 245, 182–185 (1973).
Fischman, D.: The synthesis and assembly of myofibrils in embryonic muscle. In: Moscona, A., Monroy, A. (Eds.): Current Topics in Developmental Biology, Vol. 5, pp. 133–179. New York: Academic Press 1970.
Fogel, M., DeFendi, V.: Infection of muscle cultures from various species with oncogenic DNA virus (SV40 and Polyoma). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 58, 967–973 (1967).
Gurdon, J.: Intracellular communication in early animal development. In: 28th Symposium of the Society for Developmental Biology (ed. A. Lang), 59–82. New York: Academic Press 1969.
Hahn, G., King, D., Yang, S.: Quantitative changes in unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat muscle cells after differentiation. Nature New Biol. 230, 242 (1971).
Harris, H.: Cell fusion. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press 1970.
Hauschka, S., White, N.: Studies of myogenesis in vitro. In: B. Banker (Ed.): Research in Muscle Development and the Muscle Spindle, pp.53–71. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1972.
Hay, E.: Regeneration of muscle in the amputated amphibian limb. In: Mauro, A., Shafiq, S., Milhorat, A. (Eds.): Regeneration of Striated Muscle and Myogenesis, pp. 3–24. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1970.
Holtzer, H.: The development of mesodermal structures in regeneration and embryogenesis. In: Thornton, C. (Ed.): Regeneration in Vertebrates. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1958.
Holtzer, H.: Aspects of chondrogenesis and myogenesis. In: Rudnick, D. (Ed.): The 19th Growth Symposium, pp. 35–88. New York: Ronald Press 1961.
Holtzer, H.: Comments on induction during cell differentiation. In: Induktion und Morphogenese. 13th Mosbacher Colloquium. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1963.
Holtzer, H.: Induction of chondrogenesis: A concept in quest of mechanisms. In: Billingham, R. (Ed.): Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions, pp. 152–164. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1968.
Holtzer, H.: Myogenesis. In: Schjeide, O., DeVillis, J. (Eds.): Cell Differentiation, pp. 476–503. Princeton: Van Nostrand and Rheinhold 1970.
Holtzer, H.: Discussion. In: Mauro, A., Shafiq, S., Milhorat, A. (Eds.): Regeneration of Striated Muscle and Myogenesis, Vol.7. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1970b.
Holtzer, H., Abbott, J.: Oscillations of the chondrogenic phenotype in vitro. In: Ursprung, H. (Ed.): Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, Vol. 1, The Stability of the Differentiated State, pp. 1–16. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1968.
Holtzer, H., Abbott, J., Lash, J.: On the formation of multinucleated myotubes. Anat. Rec. 131, 567 (1957).
Holtzer, H., Detweiler, S.: III. Induction of skelotogenous cells. J. Exp. Zool. 123, 335–370 (1953).
Holtzer, H., Marshall, J., Finck, H.: An analysis of myogenesis by use of fluorescent anti-myosin. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 3, 705 (1957).
Holtzer, H., Matheson, D.: Induction of chondrogenesis in the embryo. In: Balazs, I., Finegold, M. (Eds.): Chemistry and Molecular Biology of the Intercellular Matrix, pp.52–64. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1970.
Holtzer, H., Mayne, R.: Experimental morphogenesis: The induction of somitic chondrogenesis by embryonic spinal cord and notochord. In: Perrin, E., Finegold, M. (Eds.): Pathobiology of Development, pp. 52–64. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1973.
Holtzer, H., Rubinstein, N., Chi, J., Dienstman, S.R., Biehl, J.: On the phenotypic heterogeneity of myogenic clones and what cells synthesize which molecules. In: Milhorat, A. (Ed.): Exploratory Concepts in Muscular Dystrophy and Related Disorders. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica (in press) 1974.
Holtzer, H., Sanger, J.: Myogenesis: Old views rethought. In: Banker, B. (Ed.): Research in Muscle Development and the Muscle Spindle, pp. 122–133. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1972.
Holtzer, H., Sanger, J., Ishikawa, H., Strahs, K.: Selected Topics in Skeletal Myogenesis. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 37, 549–566 (1973).
Holtzer, H., Weintraub, H., Biehl, J.: Cell-cycle-dependent events in differentiation. FEBS Symposium on Cell Differentiation. New York: Academic Press 1972.
Holtzer, H., Weintraub, H., Mayne, R., Mochan, B.: The cell cycle, cell lineage and cell differentiation. In: Moscona, A., Monroy, A. (Eds.): Current Topics in Developmental Biology, Vol.6, pp.229–256. New York: Academic Press 1972.
Ishikawa, H.: Formation of elaborate networks of T system tubules in cultured skeletal muscle with special reference to T system formation. J. Cell Biol. 38, 51–66 (1968).
Ishikawa, H., Bischoff, R., Holtzer, H.: Mitosis and intermediate-sized filaments in developing skeletal muscle. J. Cell Biol. 38, 538 (1968).
Ishikawa, H., Bischoff, R., Holtzer, H.: Formation of arrow-head complexes with heavy meromyosin in a variety of cell types. J. Cell Biol. 43, 312 (1969).
Johnson, R., Rao, P.: Nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions in the achievement of nuclear synchrony in DNA synthesis and mitosis in multinucleated cells. Biol. Rev. 46, 97 (1971).
Konigsberg, I.: Clonal analysis of myogenesis. Science 140, 1273–1284 (1963).
Konigsberg, I.: Diffusion-mediated control of myoblast fusion. Develop. Biol. 26, 133–152 (1971).
Konigsberg, I., McElvain, N., Tootle, M., Herrmann, H.: The dissociability of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis from the development of multinuclearity of muscle cells in culture. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 8, 333–343 (1960).
Lash, J., Holtzer, H., Swift, H.: Regeneration of mature skeletal muscle. Anat. Rec. 128, 679–693(1957).
Lough, J., Bischoff, R.: Inhibition of myoblast fusion by BUdR during the first half of DNA synthesis. J. Cell Biol. 59, 202a (1973).
Mahowald, A.: Origin and continuity of polar granules. In: Reinert, J., Ursprung, H. (Eds.): Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, Vol.2, pp. 159–169. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1971.
Manasek, F., Reid, M., Vinson, W., Seyer, J., Johnson, R.: Glycosaminoglycan synthesis by the early embryonic chick heart. Develop. Biol. 35, 332–348 (1973).
Masaki, T., Yoshizaki, C.: The onset of myofibrillar protein synthesis in chick embryo in vivo. J. Biochem. 71, 755–757 (1972).
Mayne, R., Schiltz, J., Holtzer, H.: Some overt and covert properties of chondrogenic cells. In: Pikkarainen, J. (Ed.): The Biology and Biochemistry of the Fibroblast. New York: Academic Press (in press) 1973.
Miranda, A., Godman, G., Deitch, A., Tanenbaum, S.: Action of cytochalsin D on cells of established lines. J. Cell Biol. 61, 481–500 (1974).
O’Hare, M.: An histochemical study of sulphated glycosaminoglycans associated with the somites of the chick embryo. J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 29, 197–208 (1973).
Okazakl, K., Holtzer, H.: An analysis of myogenesis using fluorescein labeled antimyosin. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 13, 726 (1965).
Okazaki, K., Holtzer, H.: Myogenesis: Fusion, myosin synthesis and the mitotic cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 56, 1484 (1966).
O’Neill, M., Stockdale, F.: Differentiation without cell division in cultured skeletal muscle. Develop. Biol. 29, 410–418 (1972).
O’Neill, M., Strohman, R.: Changes in DNA polymerase activity associated with cell fusion in cultures of embryonic muscle. J. Cell Physiol. 73, 61 (1969).
Palmoski, M., Goetinck, P.: Synthesis of proteochondroitin sulfate by normal, nanomelic, and 5-bromodeoxyuridine-treated chondrocytes in culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 69, 3385–3388(1972).
Paterson, B., Strohman, R.: Myosin synthesis in cultures of differentiating chicken embryo skeletal muscle. Develop. Biol. 29, 113, 138 (1972).
Perry, M., John, H., Thomas, N.: Actin-like filaments in the cleavage furrow of newt egg. Exp. Cell Res. 65, 249–253 (1971).
Pierce, B.: Teratocarcinoma. In: Moscona, A., Monroy, A. (Eds.): Current Topics in Developmental Biology, Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press 1967.
Rubinstein, N., Chi, J., Holtzer, H.: Actin and myosin in a variety of cell types. Biophys. Biochem. Res. Commun, (in press) (1974).
Sanger, J., Holtzer, H.: Cytochalasin B: effects on cell morphology, cell adhesion, and mucopoylsaccharide synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 69, 253 (1972).
Sanger, J., Holtzer, S., Holtzer, H.: effects of cytochalasin B on muscle cells in tissue culture. Nature New Biol. 229, 121–123 (1971).
Schiltz, J., Mayne, R., Holtzer, H.: The synthesis of collagen and glycosaminoglycans by dedifferentiating chondroblasts in culture. Differentiation 1, 97–107 (1973).
Schroeder, T.F.: Actin in dividing cells: Contractile ring rilaments bind heavy meromyosin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 70, 1688–1692 (1973).
Spooner, B., Wessells, N.K.: Microfilaments and cell locomotion. J. Cell Biol. 49, 595–613 (1971).
Sreter, F., Holtzer, S., Gergely, J., Holtzer, H.: Some properties of embryonic myosin. J. Cell Biol. 55, 344–356 (1972).
Stevens, L.C.: The biology of teratomas. In: Aberchrombie, M., Brächet, J. (Eds.): Advances in Morphogenesis, Vol.6, pp. 1–32. New York: Academic Press 1967.
Stevens, L.C.: The development of transplantable teratocarcinomas from intratesticular grafts of pre- and post-implantation mouse embryos. Develop. Biol. 21, 364–382 (1970).
Stockdale, F., Holtzer, H.: DNA Synthesis and Myogenesis. Exp. Cell Res. 24, 508–520 (1961).
Stockdale, F., Okazaki, K., Nameroff, M., Holtzer, H.: 5-Bromodeoxyuridine: Effect on myogenesis in vitro. Science 146, 533 (1964).
Stockdale, F., O’Neill, M.: Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, mitosis and skeletal muscle differentiation. In Vitro 8, 212–227 (1972).
Stockdale, F., O’Neill, M.: Repair DNA synthesis in differentiated embryonic muscle cells. J. Cell. Biol. 52, 589–597 (1972b).
Strohman, R., Paterson, B.: Calcium-dependent cell fusion and myosin synthesis in cultures of developing chick muscle. J. Gen. Physiol. 51, 244 (1971).
Till, J. E., McCulloch, E., Phillips, R., Siminovitch, L.: Analysis of differentiating clones derived from marrow. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 32, 461–464 (1967).
Weintraub, H., Campbell, G., Holtzer, H.: Primitive erythropoiesis in early chick embryogenesis. I. J. Cell Biol. 50, 652–668 (1971).
Wessells, N.K., Spooner, B., Ash, J.: Microfilaments in cellular and developmental processes. Science 171, 135–143 (1971).
Yaffe, D., Dym, H.: Gene expression during differentiation of contractile muscle fibers. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 37, 543–547 (1973).
Yaffe, D., Gershon, D.: Multinucleated muscle fibers: Induction of DNA synthesis and mitosis by polyoma virus infection. Nature 215, 421–424 (1967).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1975 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dienstman, S.R., Holtzer, H. (1975). Myogenesis: A Cell Lineage Interpretation. In: Reinert, J., Holtzer, H. (eds) Cell Cycle and Cell Differentiation. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 7. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37390-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37390-2_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-21693-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-37390-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive