Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation ((RESULTS,volume 4))

Abstract

Replication of polytene chromosomes has been reviewed frequently in the last two decades, either as a facet of chromosome replication in general or in treatments restricted to polytene nuclei. The reader is referred especially to the following for further discussion and bibliographic references: Beermann (1962), Pelling (1969), Taylor (1969), Prescott (1970), Swift (1969), John and Lewis (1969), Wagner (1969), and Pavan and da Cunha (1969). Most of the work reviewed in the following has been carried out on salivary glands of the higher Diptera. The view is taken that their chromosomes are synthesized by the same basic metabolic machinery that is used in other tissues and that phenomena observed in them should provide insights into the nature of the replication process in all cells.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alfert, M., Geschwind, LI.: A selective staining method for the basic proteins of cell nuclei. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 39, 991–999 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amabis, J.M., Cabral, D.: RNA and DNA puffs in polytene chromosomes of Rhynchociara: inhibition by extirpation of prothorax. Science 169, 692–694 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ammermann, D.: Morphology and development of the macronuclei of the ciliates Stylonychia mytilus and Euplotes aediculatus. Chromosoma (Berl.) 33, 209–238 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, F.T., Schultz, J.: Stereoscopic analysis of the fine structure of chromosomes in diploid Drosophila nuclei. Cell Biol. 23, 7 A (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, F.T., Schultz, J.: The three dimensional fine structure of chromosomes in a prophase Drosophila nucleus. Chromosoma (Berl.) 35, 383–392 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arcos-Teran, L., Beermann, W.: Changes of DNA replication behavior associated with intragenic changes of the white region in Drosophila melanogaster. Chromosoma (Berl.) 25, 377–391 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armelin, H.A., Meneghini, R., Lara, F.J.S.: Patterns of ribonucleic acid synthesis in salivary glands of Rhynchosciara angelae larvae during development. Genetics Suppl. 61, 351–360 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barigozzi, C., Dolfini, S., Fraccaro, M., Raimondi, G.R., Tiepolo, L.: In vitro study of the DNA replication patterns of somatic chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Exp. Cell Res. 43, 231–234 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, J., Plaut, W.: Comparative morphology of nucleolar DNA of Drosophila. J. Cell Biol. 31, C17–C22(1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, J., Valencia, J. I., Plaut, W.: On temporal autonomy of DNA replication in a chromosome translocation. J. Cell Biol. 39, 8a (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beadle, G.W., Tatum, E.L., Clancy, C.W.: Food level in relation to rate of development and eye pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster. Biol. Bull. 75, 447–462 (1938).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beermann, W.: Chromomerenkonstanz und spezifische Modifikationen der chromosomen-struktur in der Entwicklung und Organdifferenzierung von Chironomus tentans. Chromosoma (Berl.) 5, 139–198 (1952).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beermann, W.: Riesenchromosomen. Protoplasmatologia, Handbuch der Protoplasmaforschung, Bd. 6. Wien: Springer 1962.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, H.A., Barr, H. J., Ostrowski, R.S.: Asynchronus DNA synthesis in a duplicated chromosomal region of Drosophila melanogaster. Nature New Biol. 231, 217–219 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berendes, H.D.: The salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila hydei Sturtevant. Chromosoma 14, 195–206 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berendes, H.D.: Differential replication of male and female X-chromosomes in Drosophila. Chromosome 20, 32–43 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berendes, H.D., Keyl, H.G.: Distribution of DNA in heterochromatin and euchromatin of polytene nuclei of Drosophila hydei. Genetics 57, 1–13 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berendes, H.D.: Polytene chromosome structure at the submicroscopic level. I. A map of region X, 1–4E of Drosophila melanogaster. Chromosoma 29, 118–130 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berendes, H.D., Holt, Th.K.H.: Differentiation of transplanted larval salivary glands of Drosophila hydei in adults of the same species. J. exp. Zool. 160, 299–318 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, D. P., Teng, C.: The synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid and nuclear histone of the X chromosome of the Rehnia spinosus spermatocyte. J. Cell Sci. 5, 321–332 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, J.B., Berendes, H.D., Boyd, H.: Mass preparation of nuclei from the larval salivary glands of Drosophila hydei. J. Cell Biol. 38, 369–376 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breuer, M. E., Pavan, C.: Behavior of polytene chromosomes of Rhynchosciara angelae at different stages of larval development. Chromosoma (Berl.) 7, 371–386 (1955).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, C.B.: Salivary chromosome maps; with a key to the banding of the chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Heredity 26, 60–64 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, C.B.: A revised map of the salivary gland X-chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. j. Heredity 29, 11–13 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, C.B., Bridges, P.N.: A revised map of the right limb of the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Heredity 30, 475–476 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, P. N.: A revision of the salivary gland 3R-chromosome map of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Heredity 32, 209–300 (1941a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, P. N.: A revised map of the left limb of the third chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Heredity 32, 64–65 (1941b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, P. N.: A new map of the salivary gland 2L-chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Heredity 33, 403–408 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Britten, R. J., Kohne, D.E.: Repeated sequence in DNA: hundreds of thousands of copies of DNA sequences have been incorporated into the genomes of higher organisms. Science 161, 529–540 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bultmann, H., Clever, U.: Chromosomal control of foot pad development in Sarcophaga bullata. I. The puffing pattern. Chromosoma 28, 120–135 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, J.: The chromosome of Escherichia coli. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 28, 43–46 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bultmann, H., Clever, U.: Autoradiography of HeLa cell DNA. J. molec. Biol. 15, 372–373 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caspersson, T., Schultz, J.: Nucleic acid metabolism of the chromosomes in relation to gene reproduction. Nature (Lond.) 142, 294–295 (1938).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cave, M.D.: Chromosome replication and synthesis of non-histone proteins in giant polytene chromosomes. Chromosoma 25, 392–401 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clever, U.: Control of chromosome puffing. In: Goldstein, L., (Ed.): The Control of Nuclear Activity, pp. 161–186. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L.H., Gotchel, B. V.: Histones of polytene and nonpolytene nuclei of Drosophila melanogaster. J. biol. Chem. 246, 1841–1848 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, K.W.: Cytogenetic analysis of major heterochromatic elements especially Xh and Y) in Drosophila melanogaster, and the theory of “Heterochromatin”. Chromosoma 10, 535–588 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crouse, H.V.: The role of edysone in DNA-puff formation and DNA synthesis in the polytene chromosomes of S ciara corprophila. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. 61, 971–978 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crouse, H.V., Key L G.: Extra replications in the “DNA-Puffs” of Sciara corprophila. Chromosoma (Berl.) 25, 357–364 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Da Cunha, A.B., Pavan, C., Morgante, J.S., Garrido, M.C: Studies on cytology and differentiation in Sciaridae. II. DNA redundancy in salivary gland cells of Hybosciara fragilis. Genetics Suppl. 61, 335–349 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Danieli, G.A., Rodino, E.: Larval moulting cycle and DNA synthesis in Drosophila hydei salivary glands. Nature (Lond.) 213: 424–425 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darrow, J.M., Clever, U.: Chromosome activity and cell function in polytenic cells. III. Growth and replication. Develop. Biol. 21, 331–348 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Derksen, J., Berendes, H.D.: Polytene chromosome structure at the submicroscopic level. II. Length distribution of DNA molecules from polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster and D. hydei. Chromosoma 31, 468–477 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, E., Boyd, J.B., Laird, C.D.: Sequence diversity of polytene chromosome DNA from Drosophila hydei. J. molec. Biol. 61, 615–627 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dion, A. S., Herbst, E. J.: Polyamine changes during development of Drosophila melanogaster. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 171, 723–734 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckhardt, R. A., Gall, J. G.: Satellite DNA associated with heterochromatin in Rhynchosciara. Chromosoma (Berl.) 32, 407–427 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edström, J-E.: Chromosomal RNA and other nuclear RNA fractions. In: Locke, M., (Ed.): The Role of Chromosomes in Development, pp. 137–152, New York: Academic Press 1964.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ficq, A., Pavan, C., Brachet, J.: Metabolic processes in chromosomes. Exp. Cell Res. 6, 105–114 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, D. P.: A non-doubling DNA series in somatic tissues of the locusts Schistocercagregaria (Forskål) and Locusta migratoria (Linn.). Chromosoma (Berl.) 29, 446–461 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, D. P.: The replicative status of heterochromatic and euchromatic DNA in two somatic tissues of Dermestes maculatus (Dermestidae: Coleoptera). Chromosoma (Berl.) 33, 183–195 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabrusewycz-Garcia, N.: Cytological and autoradiographic studies in Sciara coprophila salivary gland chromosomes. Chromosoma (Berl.) 15, 312–344 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabrusewycz-Garcia, N., Kleinfeld, R. G.: A study of the nucleolar material in S ciara coprophila. J. Cell Biol. 29, 347–359 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gall, J.G., Cohen, E.H., Polan, M.L.: Repetitive DNA sequences in Drosophila chromosomes. Chromosoma (Berl.) 33, 319–344 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gall, J.G., Pardue, M.L.: Formation and detection of RNA-DNA hybrid molecules in cytological preparations. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 63, 378–383 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gay, H., Das, C.C., Forward, K., Kaufmann, B. P.: DNA content of mitotically-active condensed chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Chromosoma (Berl.) 32, 213–223 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerbi, S.A.: Localization and characterization of the ribosomal RNA cistrons in S ciara coprophila. J. molec. Biol. 58, 499–511 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorovsky, M.A., Woodard, J.: Histone content of chromosomal loci active and inactive in RNA synthesis. J. Cell Biol. 33, 723–728 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadorn, E.: An accelerating effect of normal “Ring-glands” on pupariumformation in lethal larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 23, 478–484 (1937).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadorn, E., Ruch, F., Staub, M.: Zum DNS-Gehalt im Speicheldrüsenkernen mit (übergroßen Riesenchromosomen) von Drosophila melanogaster. Experientia (Basel) 20, 566–567 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagele, K.: DNS-Replikationsmuster der Speicheldrüsen-Chromosomen von Chironomiden. Chromosoma (Berl.) 31, 91–138 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halfer, C., Tiepolo, L., Barigozzi, C., Fraccaro, M.: Timing of DNA replication of translocated Y chromosome sections in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Chromosoma (Berl.) 27, 395–408 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heitz, E.: Die somatische Heteropyknose bei Drosophila melanogaster und ihre genetische Bedeutung. Z. Zellforsch, mikr. Anat. 20, 237–287 (1933).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helmsing, P. J.: Protein synthesis of polytene nuclei in vitro. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 224, 579–587 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, A., Ritossa, F.: On the inheritance of rDNA of magnified bobbed loci in D. melanogaster. Genetics 66, 463–473 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, S.A.: The salivary gland chromosomes of Dasyneura crataegi (Diotera: Cecidomyiidae). Chromosoma (Berl.) 23, 38–58 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hennig, W., Hennig, I., Stein, H.: Repeated sequences in the DNA of Drosophila and their localization in giant chromosomes. Chromosoma (Berl.) 32, 31–63 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hennig, W., Meer, B.: Reduced polyteny of ribosomal RNA cistrons in giant chromosomes of Drosophila hydei. Nature New Biol. 233, 10–12 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, E. F., Plaut, W.: Chromosomal DNA synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Cell Biol. 39, 415–429 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huberman, J.A., Riggs, A.D.: On the mechanism of DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes. J. molec. Biol. 32, 327–341 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • John, B., Lewis, K.R.: The Chromosome Cycle, pp. 60–62, Wien: Springer 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • John, H.A., Birnstiel, M.L., Jones, K.W.: RNA-DNA hybrids at the cytological level. Nature (Lond.) 223, 582–587 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, K.W., Robertson, F.: Localisation of reiterated nucleotide sequences in Drosophila and mouse by in situ hybridisation of complementary RNA. Chromosoma (Berl.) 31, 331–345 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, B. P.: Synthesis. In: “Genetics Today” (Proc. XI Int. Congr. Genet., The Hague, The Netherlands, Sept. 1963,) Vol. 2, pp. 385–389. London: Pergamon Press 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, B. P., Gay, H., Buchanan, J., Weingart, A., Maruyama, K., Akey, A.: Organization of cellular materials. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Yearbook 61, 466–474 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Keyl, H.-G.: Verdopplung des DNS-Gehalts kleiner Chromosomenabschnitte als Faktor der Evolution. Naturwissenschaften 51, 46–47 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keyl, H.-G.: Lokale DNS-Replikationen in Riesenchromosomen. In: Sitte, P., (Ed.): Probleme der biologischen Reduplikation, S. 55–69. Berlin-Heidelberg-NewYork: Springer 1966.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Keyl, H.-G., Hagele, K.: Heterochromatin-Proliferation an den Speicheldrüsen-Chromosomen von Chironomus melanotus. Chromosoma (Berl.) 19, 223–230 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keyl, H.-G., Pelling, C.: Differentielle DNS-Replikation in den Speicheldrüsen-Chromosomen von Chironomus thummi. Chromosoma (Berl.) 14, 347–359 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnakumaran, A., Berry, S.J., Oberlander, H., Scheiderman, H.A.: Nucleic acid synthesis during insect development—II. Control of DNA synthesis in the Cecropia silkworm and other saturniid moths. J. Insect Physiol. 13, 1–57 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, C.D.: Chromatid structure: Relationship between DNA content and nucleotide sequence diversity. Chromosoma (Berl.) 32, 378–406 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakhotia, S.C., Mukherjee, A.S.: Chromosomal basis of dosage compensation in Drosophila. III. Early completion of replication by the polytene X-chromosome in male: further evidence and its implications. J. Cell Biol. 47, 18–33 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lara, F.J.S., Hollander, F.M.: Changes in RNA metablism during the development of Rhynchosciara angelae. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 27, 235–242 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, H., Nakase, Y., Vanderberg, J.: Developmental studies of the dipteran salivary gland. I. The effects of actinomycin D on larval development, enzyme activity, and chromosomal differentiation in Chironomus thummi. Develop. Biol. 9, 367–384 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lima-de-Faria, A.: DNA replication and gene amplification in heterochromatin. In: Lima-de-Faria, A., (Ed.): Handbook of Molecular Cytology, pp. 317–325. Amsterdam-London: North-Holland 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahowald, A.P.: Polar granules of Drosophila IL Ultrastructural changes during early embryogenesis. J. exp. Zool. 167, 237–261 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattingly, E., Parker, C.: Nucleic acid synthesis during larval development of Rhynchosciara. J. Insect Physiol. 14, 1077–1083 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meneghini, R., Armelin, H. A., Balsamo, J., Lara, F. J.S.: Indication of gene amplification in Rhynchosciara by RNA-DNA hybridization. J. Cell Biol. 49, 913–916 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulder, M. P., van Diujn, P., Gloor, J.H.: The replicative organization of DNA in polytene chromosomes of Drosophila hydei. Genetica 39, 385–428 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, H. J.: The development of the gene theory. In: Dunn, L.C., (Ed.): Genetics in the 20th Century, pp. 77–99. New York: Macmillan 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller, H. J., Carlson, E., Schalet, A.: Mutation by alteration of the already existing gene. Genetics 46, 213–226 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagl, W.: Banded polytene chromosomes in the legume Phaseolus vulgaris. Nature (Lond.) 221, 70–71 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nash, D., Bell, J.: Larval age and the pattern of DNA synthesis in polytene chromosomes. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 10, 82–90 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nash, D., Plaut, W.: On the presence of DNA in larval salivary gland nucleoli in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Cell Biol. 27, 682–686 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nash, D., Pardue, M.L., Gerbi, S.A., Eckhardt, R.A., Gall, J. G.: Cytological localization of DNA complementary to ribosomal RNA in polytene chromosomes of Diptera Chromosoma (Berl.) 29, 268–290 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Olvera, R.O.: The nucleolar DNA of three species of Drosophila in the hydei complex. Genetics Suppl. 1 61, 245–249 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavan, C.: Chromosomal differentiation. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 18, 309–323 (1965 a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pavan, C.: Nucleic acid metabolism in polytene chromosomes and the problem of differentiation. Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 18, 222–241, (1965 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavan, C., da Cunha, A.B.: Chromosome activities in normal and in infected cells of Sciaridae. Nucleus (Calcutta) Suppl. 12, 183–196 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavan, C., da Cunha, A.B.: Chromosomal activities in Rhynchosciara and other sciaridae. Ann. Rev. Genet. 3, 425–450 (1969a).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavan, C., da Cunha, A.B.: Gene amplification in ontogeny and phylogeny of animals. Genetics Suppl. 61, 289–304 (1969b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelling, C.: A replicative and synthetic chromosomal unit — the modern concept of the chromomere. Proc. roy. Soc. B 164, 279–289 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelling, C.: Synthesis of nucleic acids in giant chromosomes. In: Butler, J. A. V., Noble, D. (Eds.): Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, pp. 239–270. London: Pergamon Press 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penner, P.E., Cohen, L.H., Loeb, L.A.: RNA-dependent DNA polymerase: presence in normal human cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 42, 1228–1234 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penner, P.E., Cohen, L.H., Loeb, L.A.: RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in human lymphocytes during gene activation by phytohemagglutinin. Nature New Biol. 232, 58–61 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettit, B. J., Rasch, R.W.: Tritiated-histidine incorporation into Drosophila salivary chromosomes. J. Cell Physiol. 68, 325–334 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettit, B. J., Rasch, R.W., Rasch, E. M.: DNA synthesis in the giant salivary chromosomes of Drosophila virilis prior to pupation. J. Cell Physiol. 69, 273–280 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plaut, W.: On the replicative organization of DNA in the polytene chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. J. molec. Biol. 7, 632–635 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prescott, D.M.: The structure and replication of eukaryotic chromosomes. In Adv. Cell Biol. 1, 57–117 (1970).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rae, P.M.M.: Chromosomal distribution of rapidly reannealing DNA in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 67, 1018–1025 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasch, E.M., Barr, H. J., Rasch, R.W.: The DNA content of sperm of Drosophila melanogaster. Chromosoma (Berl.) 33, 1–18 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ristow, H., Arends, S.: A system in vitro for the synthesis of RNA and protein by isolated salivary glands and by nuclei from Chironomus larvae. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 157, 178–186 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritossa, F.M.: Behaviour of RNA and DNA synthesis at the puff level in salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila. Exp. Cell Res. 36, 151–523 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, P. A., Kimball, R. F., Pavan, C.: Response of Rhynchosciara chromosomes to microsporidian infection. Increased polyteny and generalized puffing. Exp. Cell Res. 47, 408–422 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodman, T. C.: DNA replication in salivary gland nuclei of Drosophila melanogaster at successive larval and prepupal stages. Genetics 55, 376–386 (1967a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodman, T. C.: Control of polytenic replication in Dipteran larvae. I. Increased number of cycles in a mutant strain of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Cell. Physiol. 70, 179–186 (1967b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodman, T. C.: Relationship of developmental stage to initiation of replication in polytene nuclei. Chromosoma (Berl.) 23, 271–287 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudkin, G.T.: Cytochemistry in the ultraviolet. Microchem. J. Symp. Ser. 1, 261–276 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudkin, G.T.: The proteins of polytene chromosomes. In: Bonner, A., Ts’o, A. (Eds.): The Nucleohistones, pp. 184–192. San Francisco: Holden Day 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudkin, G.T.: The structure and function of heterochromatin. Genetics Today. (Proc. of XI Int. Congr. of Genetics, The Hague, The Netherlands, 1963), Vol. 2, pp. 359–374. London: Pergamon Press 1965 a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudkin, G.T.: The relative mutabilities of DNA in regions of the X chromosoma of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 52, 665–681 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudkin, G.T.: Non replicating DNA in Drosophila. Genetics, Suppl. 61, 227–238 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudkin, G.T., Corlette, S.L.: Disproportionate synthesis of DNA in a polytene chromosome region. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 43, 964–968 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudkin, G.T., Woods, P. S.: Incorporation of H3 cytidine and H3 thymidine into giant chromosomes of Drosophila during puff formation. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 45, 997–1003 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauaia, H., Laicine, E.M., Alves, M.A. R.: Hydroxyurea-induced inhibition of DNA puff development in the salivary gland chromosomes of Bradysia hygida. Chromosoma (Berl.) 34, 129–151 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, J.: The nature of heterochromatin. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 12, 179–191 (1947).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, J.: Genes, differentiation, and animal development. Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 18, 116–147 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, J., Rudkin, G.: Direct measurement of deoxyribonucleic acid content of genetic loci in Drosophila. Science 132, 1499–1500 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Skoog, L., Nordenskjöld, B.: Effects of hydroxyurea and l 1-β-arabinofuranosyl cytosine on deoxyribonucleotide pools in mouse embryo cells. Europ. J. Biochem. 19, 81 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnenblick, B. P.: The early embryology of Drosophila melanogaster. In: Demerec, M. (Ed.): Biology of Drosophila, pp. 62–167. New York: John Wiley & Sons 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staub, M.: Veränderungen im Puffmuster und das Wachstum der Riesenchromosomen in Speicheldrüsen von Drosophila melanogaster aus spatlarvalen und embryonalen Spendern nach Kultur in vivo. Chromosoma (Berl.) 26, 76–104 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swift, H.: Nucleic acids and cell morphology in Dipteran salivary glands. In: Allen, J.M. (Ed.): The Molecular Control of Cellular Activity, pp. 73–125. New York: McGraw- Hill 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • The histones of polytene chromosomes. In: Bonner, J., Ts’o, P. (Eds.): The Nucleohistones. pp. 169–183. San Francisco: Holden-Day 1964. Molecular morphology of the chromosome. In Vitro 1, 26–49 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, H.: Nulear physiology and differentiation: a general summary. Genetics Suppl. 61, 439–461 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swindlehurst, M., Berry, S.J., Firshein, W.: The biosynthesis of DNA by insects. III. Ribonucleotide reductase activity and the effect of hydroxyurea during the adult development of the cecropia silkworm. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 228, 313–323 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tartof, K.: Increasing the multiplicity of ribosomal RNA genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Science 171, 294–297 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J.H.: Rates of chain growth and units of replication in DNA of mammalian chromosomes. J. molec. Biol. 31, 579–594 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J.H.: The structure and duplication of chromosomes. In: Caspari, E.W. (Ed.): Genetic Organization; a Comprehensive Treatise, pp. 163–221. New York-London: Academic Press 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Temin, H.M., Mitzutani, S.: RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of Rous Sarcoma Virus. Nature (Lond.) 226, 1211–1213 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Von Borstel, R.C, Prescott, D.M., Bollum, F. J.: Incorporation of nucleotides into nuclei of fixed cells by DNA polymerase. J. Cell Biol. 29, 21–28 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, O.L. Jr., Bollum, F. J.: Probing the structure of chromosomes with DNA polymerase and terminal transferase. Genetics Suppl. 61, 401–408 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, R. P., Ed: (Proc. Int. Symp., Nuclear Physiology and Differentiation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, December 1968). Genetics Suppl. 61, (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, P.M.B., Flamm, W.G., McLaren, A.: Highly repetitive DNA in rodents. In: Lima-de-Faria, A. (Ed.): Handbook of Molecular Cytology, pp. 52–66. Amsterdam-London: North Holland 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanka, F., Moors, J., Krijzer, F.N.C.M.: Dissociation of nuclear DNA replication from concomitant protein synthesis in synchronous cultures of chlorella. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) (in press) (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch, R.M.: A developmental analysis of the lethal mutant L(2)GL of Drosophila melanogaster based on cytophotometric determination of nuclear desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content. Genetics 42, 544–559 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welch, R.M., Resch, K.: A cytochemical analysis of deoxribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein in salivary gland and gut of the lethal mutant Igl of D. melanogaster. Univ. Texas Pub. No. 6818, Studies in Genetics, No. 4, 49–70 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Written, J.M.: Differential deoxyribonucleic acid replication in the giant foot-pad cells of Sarcophaga ballata. Nature (Lond.) 208, 1019–1021 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, B.E.: Temperaturabhängige Allozyklie des polytänen X-Chromosoms in den Kernen der Somazellen von Phryne cincta. Chromosoma (Berl.) 8, 396–435 (1957). Y-Chromosom und überzählige Chromosomen in den polytänen Somakernen von Phryne cineta fabr. (Diptera, Nematocera). Verh. dtsch. Zool. Ges. Saarbrücken 1961, 110–123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, B.E.: Structure and function of alpha- and beta-hetcrochromatin-results on Phryne cineta. Nucleus (Calcutta) Suppl. 12, 145–160 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, B.E.: Adaptiver chromosomaler Polymorphismus und flexible Kontrolle der Rekombination bei Phryne cineta (Diptera, Nematocera). Zool. Beitr. 14, 125–153 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolsteniiolme, D.R., Dawid, I.B., Ristow, H.: An electron microscope study of DNA molecules from Chironomus tentans and Chironomus thummi. Genetics 60, 759–770 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, C.W., Schochetman, G.: Hydroxyurea-induced inhibition of deoxyribonucleotide syntheses: studies in intact cells. Cancer Res. 27 (Part I), 526–534 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1972 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rudkin, G.T. (1972). Replication in Polytene Chromosomes. In: Beermann, W. (eds) Developmental Studies on Giant Chromosomes. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37164-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37164-9_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-21778-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-37164-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics