Abstract
Diagnostic methods for obtaining quantification of the field variables that are important in understanding the physics of fast time-dependent processes, such as the thermomechanical processes associated with shock waves, have their own particular features. These features grow out of the demands of the challenging environment within which the measurements must be taken. The data must be taken within a very short time period; the diagnostic device should be remote since destruction is inevitable in an explosion or impact; and the measurements should be as complete as possible since it is impossible to return a system (assembly, sample) to its original state in order to check the results.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
1. Altshuler, L.V., “Use of ShockWaves in High-Pressure Physics,” Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, Vol. 85, No. 2, 1965, pp. 197–258, [English trans., Soviet Physics Uspekhi, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1965, pp. 52–91].
2. Graham, R.A., and Asay, J.R., “Measurements ofWave Profiles in Shock-Loaded Solids,” High Temperatures - High Pressures, Vol. 10, No. 4, 1978, pp. 355–390
3. Keeler, R.N., and Royce, E.B., “Shock Waves in Condensed Media,” in Proc., International School of Physics “Enrico Fermi”, Course XLVIII, Physics of High Energy Density, Caldirola, P., and Knoepfel, H., eds., Academic Press, New York, 1971, pp. 51–150, [Russian trans., Mir Publ., Moscow, 1974, pp. 60–170].
4. Mineev, V.N., and Ivanov, A.G., “Electromotive Force Produced by Shock Compression of a Substance,” Uspeki Fizicheskikh Nauk, Vol. 119, No. 1, 1976, pp. 75–109, [English trans., Soviet Physics Uspekhi, Vol. 19, No. 5, 1976, pp. 400–419].
5. Glushak, B.L., Zharkov, A.P., Zhernokletov, M.V., Ternovoi, V.Ya., Filimonov, A.S., and Fortov, V.E., “Experimental Investigation of the Thermodynamics of Dense Plasmas Formed from Metals at High Energy Concentrations,” Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Vol. 96, No. 4, 1989, pp. 1301–1318, [English trans., Soviet Physics JETP, Vol. 69, No. 4, 1989, pp. 739–749].
6. Ashaev, V.K., Doronin, G.S., and Levin, A.D., “Detonation Front Structure in Condensed High Explosives,” Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1988, pp. 95–99, [English trans., Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1988, pp. 88–92].
7. Gatilov, L.A., Ibragimov, R.A., and Kudashov, A.V., “Structure of a Detonation Wave in Cast TNT,” Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 25, No. 2, 1989, pp. 82–84, [English trans., Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, Vol. 25, No. 2, 1989, pp. 206–208].
8. Trunin, R.F., (ed.), Properties of Condensed Materials at High Pressures, RFNC-VNIIEF, Sarov, Russia, 1992.
9. Bancroft, D., Peterson, E.L., and Minshall, S., “Polymorphism of Iron at High Pressure,” Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 27, No. 3, 1956, pp. 291–298.
10. Kurakin, N.I., Danilenko, V.V., Kozurek, N.P., et al., “Electrocontact Method for Recording x - t Diagrams,” Khimicheskaya Fizika, 1993, No. 5.
11. Poplavko, Yu.M., Physics of Dielectrics, Vyshcha Shkola Publ., Kiev, 1980.
12. Borisenok, V.A., Morozov, V.A., Novitsky, E.Z., et al., “Dynamic Compressibility of Single Crystal ADTGS and its Electrical Response to Shock Action,” Kristallografiya, Vol. 37, No. 4, 1992, pp. 971–978.
13. Lee, L.M., Williams, W.D., Graham, R.A., and Bauer, F., “Studies of the Bauer Piezoelectric Polymer Gauge (PVF2) Under Impact Loading,” Shock Waves in Condensed Matter - 1985, Gupta, Y.M., ed., Plenum Press, NY, 1986, pp. 497–502.
14. Borisenok, V.A., Morosov, V.A., and Novitsky, E.Z., “PVDF as a Working Medium of Shock Wave Gauges,” proc., 10 th Int. Conf. High Energy Rate Fabrication, Lubljana, Yugoslavia, 1989, pp. 428–430.
15. Dubovik, A.S., Photographic Recording of Fast Processes, Nauka Publ., Moscow, 1964, p. 341.
16. Kanel, G.I., Razorenov, S.V., Utkin, A.V., and Fortov, V.E., Shock-Wave Phenomena in Condensed Matter, Yanus-K Publ., Moscow, 1996, [see also, Kanel, G.I., Razorenov, S.V., and Fortov, V.E., Shock-Wave Phenomena and the Properties of Condensed Matter, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2004].
17. Salamandra, G.D., Photographic Methods for the Study of Fast Processes, Nauka Publ., Moscow, 1974.
18. Danilenko, V.V., Kozeruk, N.P., and Telichko, I.V., “Fiber-Optic Sensors for Gas Dynamics Studies,” in Fast HE Initiation. Peculiar Detonation Conditions, Tarzhanov, V.I., ed., RFNC-VNIITF, Snezhinsk, Russia, 1998, pp. 145–153.
19. Kozeruk, N.P., “Optical Signal Generation in Fiber-Optic Measurement Systems in Shock Phenomena Diagnostics,” in Fast HE Initiation. Peculiar Detonation Conditions, Tarzhanov, V.I., ed., RFNC-VNIITF, Snezhinsk, Russia, 1998, pp. 154–166.
20. Danilenko, V.V., and Kozeruk, N.P., “On Errors in Time Interval Measurements with Streak Camera SFR-2M,” Zhurnal Nauchnoyi i Prikladnoy Fotografii i Kinematografii, Vol. 34, No. 5, 1989, pp. 335–340.
21. Bolotov, A.A., and Chernyshev, V.K., “A Method for Producing Calibrated High Frequency Light Pulses for Time Scaling on Working Frame of Ultrahigh- Speed Photorecorders,” in Filming Technology, Its Use in the Industry and Research. Collected Papers, No. 2, Moscow, 1966.
22. Bolotov, A.A., Lovyagin, B.M., Manulov, N.A., and Sakkeus, I.K., “50-Channel Light-Pulse Generator,” Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, 1975, No. 3, pp. 198–200, [English trans., Instruments and Experimental Techniques, Vol. 18, No. 3, Part 2, 1975, pp. 909–911].
23. Bolotov, A.A., Lovyagin, B.M., and Ilyin, N.V., “Timer DV-2 to SFR type Photorecorder,” Zhurnal Nauchnoy i Prikladnoy Fotografii i Kinematografii, 1977, No. 6, pp. 415–419.
24. Kholm, R., Electrical Contacts, Izdatelstvo Inostrannoy Literatury Publ., Moscow, 1961.
25. Ivanov, A.G., and Novikov, S.A., “Capacitive Data Transmitter Method for Recording the Instantaneous Velocity of Moving Surfaces,” Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, 1963, No. 1, pp. 135–138, [English trans., Instruments and Experimental Techniques, 1963, No. 1, pp. 128–131].
26. Ivanov, A.G., Novikov, S.A., and Sinitsyn, V.A., “Investigation of Elastic-Plastic Waves in Explosively Loaded Iron and Steel,” Tverdogo Tela, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1963, pp. 269–278, [English trans., Soviet Physics - Solid State, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1963, pp. 196–202].
27. Zaitsev, V.M., Pokhil, P.F., and Shvedov, K.K., “Electomegnetic Method for Measurement of Explosion Product Velocity,” Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol. 132, No. 6, 1960, pp. 1339–1340.
28. Dremin, A.N., Savrov, S.D., Trofimov, V.S., and Shvedov, K.K., Detonation Waves in Condensed Matter, Nauka Publ., Moscow, 1970, p. 169.
29. Zubarev, V.N., “The Motion of Explosion Products Behind the Front of a DetonationWave,” Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, 1965, No. 2, pp. 54–61, [English trans., Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, 1965, No. 2, pp. 45–50].
30. Urtiew, P.A., Erickson, L.M., Hayes, B., and Parker, N.L., “Pressure and Particle Velocity Measurements in Solids Subjected to Dynamic Loading,” Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 22, No. 5, 1986, pp. 113–126, [English trans., Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Vol. 22, No. 5, 1986, pp. 597–614].
31. Ko, J.F., “Improper Utilization of Electomagnetic Velocimeters in High Explosives,” Khimicheskaya Fizika, 1995, No. 12, pp. 68–77.
32. Kheis, B., “A System for Nanosecond-Resolution Measurements of Material Particles in Shock and Detonation Waves,” Pribory dlya Nauchnykh Issledovaniya, 1981, No. 4, pp. 92–102.
33. Altshuler, L.V., Pavlovskii, M.N., and Drakin, V.P., “Peculiarities of Phase Transitions in Compression and Rarefaction Shock Waves,” Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Vol. 52, No. 2, 1967, pp. 400–408, [English trans., Soviet Physics JETP, Vol. 25, No. 2, 1967, pp. 260–265].
34. Fritz, J.N., and Morgan, J.A., “An Electromagnetic Technique for Measureing Material Velocity,” Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 44, No. 2, 1973, pp. 215–221.
35. Novikov, S.A., Kashintsov, V.I., Fedotkin, A.S., Sinitsyn, V.A., Bodrenko, S.I., and Koltunov, O.I., “Measurement of the Velocities of Current-Conducting Shells with a Sensor of the Electromagnetic Type,” Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1986, pp. 71–74, [English trans., Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1986, pp. 67–70].
36. Zhugin, Yu.N., and Krupnikov, K.K., “Induction Method of Continuous Recording of the Velocity of a Condensed Medium in Shock-Wave Processes,” Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, 1983, No. 1, pp. 102–108, [English trans., Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1983, pp. 88–93].
37. Graham, R.A., Solids Under High-Pressure Shock Compression, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993.
38. Astanin, V.V., Mineev, V.N., Obukhov, A.S., and Romanchenko, V.I., Electric Measurements of Shock Wave Parameters with Manometric Sensors: Preprint. Institute of Strength Problems, Kiev, 1985.
39. Novitskii, E.Z., Korotchenko, M.V., Volnyanskii, M.D., and Borisenok, V.A., “Investigation of the Dynamic Piezoelectric Moduli of Single Crystals of Bi12GeO20, Li2 GeO3, and LiNbO3,” Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1980, pp. 99–105, [English trans., Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1980, pp. 93–98].
40. Graham, R.A., Neilson, F.W., and Benedick, W.B., “Piezoelectric Current from Shock-Loaded Quartz - A Submicrosecond Stress Gauge,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 36, No. 5, 1965, pp. 1775–1783.
41. Davison, L., and Graham, R.A., Physics Reports, Vol. 55, No. 4, 1979, pp. 255–379.
42. Bauer, F., “Ferroelectric Properties and Shock Response of a Poled PVF2 Polymer and of VF2/C2F3H Copolymers,” Shock Waves in Condensed Matter - 1985, Gupta, Y.M., ed., Plenum Press, NY, 1986, pp. 483–496.
43. Bauer, F., “PVF2 Polymers: Ferroelectric Polarization and Piezoelectric Properties Under Dynamic Pressure and Shock Wave Action,” Ferroelectrics, Vol. 49, Nos. 1-4, 1983, pp. 231–240.
44. Lee, L.M., Williams, W. D., Graham, R.A., and Bauer, F., “Studies of the Bauer Piezoelectric Polymer Gauge (PVF2) Under Impact Loading,” Shock Waves in Condensed Matter - 1985, Gupta, Y.M., ed., Plenum Press, NY, 1986, pp. 497–502.
45. Graham, R.A., Bauer, F., and Anderson, M.V., “Properties of the Piezoelectric Polymer PVDF film under High Pressure Shock Compression,” in Book of Abstracts, ISAF-90, 1990, p. 883.
46. Graham, R.A., Anderson, M.U., Bauer, F., and Setchell, R.E., “Piezoelectric Polarization of the Ferroelectric Polymer PVDF from 10 MPa to 10 GPa: Studies of Loading-Path Dependence,” Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 1991, Schmidt, S.C., Dick, R.D., Forbes, J.W., and Tasker, D.G., eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992, pp. 883–886.
47. Bauer, F., Graham, R.A., Anderson, M.U., Lefebvre, H., Lee, L.M., and Reed, R.P., “Response of the Piezoelectric Polymer PVDF to Shock Compression Greater than 10 GPa,” Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 1991, Schmidt, S.C., Dick, R.D., Forbes, J.W., and Tasker, D.G., eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992, pp. 887–890.
48. Reed, R.P., Graham, R.A., Moore, L.M., Lee, L.M., Fogelson, D.J., and Bauer, F., “The Sandia Standard for PVDF Shock Sensors,” Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 1989, Schmidt, S.C., Johnson, J.N., and Davison, L.W., eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990, pp. 825–828.
49. Bauer, F., “Properties of Ferroelectric Polymers Under High Pressure and Shock Loading,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, Vol. 105, Nos. 1–4, 1995, pp. 212–216.
50. Bauer, F., “PVDF Gauge Piezoelectric Response Under Two-Stage light Gas Gun Impact Loading,” Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 2001, Furnish, M.D., Thadhani, N.N., and Horie, Y., eds., AIP Press, Melville, NY, 2002, pp. 1149–1152.
51. Hodges, R.V., McCoy, L.E., and Toolson, J.R., “Polyvinylidene Floride (PVDF) Gauges for Measurement of Output Pressure of Small Ordnance Devices,” Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2000, pp. 13–18.
52. Chartagnac, P., Decaso, P., Jimenez, B., Bouchu, M., Cavailler, C., Delaval, J., “Dynamic Behaviour of PVF2 Gauges in the 0-600 kbar Range,” Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 1991, Schmidt, S.C., Dick, R.D., Forbes, J.W., and Tasker, D.G., eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992, pp. 893–896.
53. Fuller, P.J.A., and Price, J.H., “Electrical Conductivity of Manganin and Iron at High Pressures,” Nature, Vol. 193, No. 4812, 1962, pp. 262–263.
54. Khristoforov, B.D., Goller, E.E., Sidorin, A.Ya., and Livshits, L.D., “Manganin Probe for Measuring Shock Pressures in Solids,” Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, 1971, No. 4, pp. 613–615, [English trans., Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1971, pp. 525–527.
55. Kanel, G.I., “Using Manganin Sensors for Measurement of Condensed Matter Shock Compression Pressure, VINITI, N 477–74 Dep. 1974.
56. Dremin, A.N., and Kanel, G.I., “Compression and Rarefaction Waves in Shock- Compressed Metals,” Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, 1976, No. 2, pp. 146–153, [English trans., Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1976, pp. 263–267.
57. Batkov, Yu.V., Novikov, S.A., Sinitsyna, L.M., and Chernov, A.V., “Study of Shear Stresses in Metals at a Shock Front,” Problemy Prochnosti, 1981, No. 5, pp. 56–59 [English trans., Strength of Materials, Vol. 13, No. 5, 1981, pp. 601–605].
58. Lyle, J.W., Schriever, R.L., and McMillan, A.R., “Dynamic Piezoresistive Coefficient of Manganin to 392 kbar,” Journal of Apllied Mechanics, Vol. 40, No. 11, pp. 4663–4664.
59. Kanel, G.I., Vakhitova, G.G., and Dremin, A.N., “Metrological Characteristics of Manganin Pressure Pickups Under Conditions of Shock Compression and Unloading,” Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1978, pp. 130–135, [English trans., Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1978, pp. 244–248].
60. Grady, D.E., and Ginsberg, M.J., “Piezoresistive Effects in Ytterbium Stress Transducers,” Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 48, No. 6, 1977, pp. 2179–2181.
61. Fot, N.A., Alekseevskii, V.P., and Yarosh, V.V., “Dielectric Pulsed-Pressure Pickup,” Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, 1973, No. 2, pp. 199–201, [English trans., Instruments and Experimental Techniques, Vol. 16, No. 2, Part 2, 1973, pp. 567–569.
62. Stepanov, G.V., Elastic-Plastic Material Deformation Under Action of Pulsed Loads, Naukova Dumka Publ., Kiev, 1979.
63. Batkov, Yu.V., Novikov, S.A., Permyakov, V.V., and Chernov, A.V., “Peculiarities in Measurement of Pressure Pulses with a Dielectric Sensor,” Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, 1981, No. 2, pp. 103–105, [English trans., Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1981, pp. 227–228].
64. Tyunyaev, Yu.N., Mineev, V.N., and Lisitsyn, Yu.V., “Threshold Type Polarization Sensor for Pulsed Pressure Measurement,” proc., 1 st All-Union Symposium on Pulsed Pressures, VNIIFTRI, Moscow, 1974, pp. 53–56.
65. Ivanov, A.G., Lisitsyn, Yu.V., and Novitskii, E.Z., “Polarization of Dielectrics Under Shock Load,” Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Vol. 54, No. 1, 1968, pp. 285–291, [English trans., Soviet Physics JETP, Vol. 27, No. 1, 1968, pp. 153–155].
66. Lebedev, N.N., Model, I.Sh., and Kuznetsov, F.O., “Recording of the Velocity of High-Intensity Shock Waves with Piezoelectric Transducers,” Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, 1968, No. 3, pp. 183–185, [English trans., Instruments and Experimental Techniques, 1968, No. 3, pp. 696–698].
67. Semenov, A.N., “Simple Optical Methods for Supersonic Flow Study,” in Aerophysical Studies of Supersonic Flows, Nauka Publ., Leningrad, 1967.
68. Gerasimov, S.I., and Kholin, S.A., “Optical recording of Precesses Associated with Shock Wave Release to the Plate Free Surface,” Voprosy Atomnoi Nauki i Tekhniki. Seriya: Teoreticheskaya i Prikladnaya Fizika, 2000, No. 2–3, pp. 21–23.
69. Folkart, K., “Spark Light Sources and High-Frequency Spart Cinematography,” in Physics of Fast Processes, Vol. 1, Zlatin, N.A., ed., Mir Publ., Moscow, 1971.
70. Gerasimov, S.I., Faikov, Yu.I., and Kholin, S.A., Accumulative Light Sources, RFNC-VNIIEF, Sarov, Russia, 2002.
71. Toner, G., “Pulsed X-Ray Engineering,” in Physics of Fast Processes, Vol. 1, Zlatin, N.A., ed., Mir Publ., Moscow, 1971, pp. 336–381.
72. Ziuzin, V.P., Manakova, M.A., and Tsukerman, V.A., “Sealed Sharp- Focusing Pulse X-Ray Tubes,” Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, 1958, No. 1, pp. 84–87, [English trans., Instruments and Experimental Techniques, 1958, No. 1, pp. 92–95].
73. Pavlovskii, A.I., Kuleshov, G.D., Sklizkov, G.V., Zysin, Yu.A., and Gerasimov, A.I., “High-Current Ironless Betatrons,” Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol. 160, No. 1, 1965, pp. 68–70, [English trans., Soviet Physics - Doklady, Vol. 10, no. 1, 1965, pp. 30–32].
74. Butslov, M.M., Stepanov, B.M., and Fanchenko, S.D., Electrooptical Converters and Their use in Scientific Research, Nauka Publ., Moscow, 1978.
75. Kovtun, A.D., and Makarov, Yu.M., Pulsed X-Ray Method, USSR Inventors Certificate N 519667. MKI G 03 B 42/02, Bulletin of Inventions, 1976, N 24.
76. Tsukerman, V.A., and Manakova, M.A., “Sources of Short X-Ray Pulses for Investigating Fast Processes,” Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1957, pp. 391–403, [English trans., Soviet Physics - Technical Physics, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1957, pp. 353–363].
77. Kovtun, A.D., Belyaev, G.K., Makarov, Yu.M., Motornov, A.P., Nikonov, N.A., and Pavlunin, A.N., “Multi-Frame Recording of High-Speed Precesses Using Single X-Ray Source,” proc., 22 nd Int. Congress on High-Speed Photography and Photonics, Santa Fe, NM, 1996, pp. 900–902.
78. Burtsev, V.V., Yelfimov, S.E., Makarov, Yu.M., Ryzhkov, A.V., “Four-Channel Module Electrooptical X-Ray Image Recorder ChINARA,” proc., 16 th Scientific Technical Conf. High-Speed Photographing, Photonics, and Metrology of Fast Processes, Moscow, 1993, p. 32.
79. Tolstikova, L.A., and Kovtun, A.D., “Material Density Estimation by X-Ray Image Using the Apparatus of X-Raying Numerical Simulation,” in Advanced Methods for Designing and Refinement of Ordnance Devices, RFNC-VNIIEF, Sarov, Russia, 2000, pp. 281–286.
80. Batkov, Yu.V., Kovtun, A.D., Novikov, S.A., Skokov, V.I., and Tolstikova, L.A., “Mechanism of Formation of a Fast Gas Jet,” Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 37, No. 5, 2001, pp. 98–103, [English trans., Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves,Vol. 37, No. 5, 2001, pp. 580–584].
81. Komrachkov, V.A., and Panov, K.N., “Research into the Effect of Loading Pressure on Material Density Distribution Following Initiating Shock Wave Front in Octogen Base HE,” proc., 3 rd Int. Conf. Khariton Scientific Lectures, RFNCVNIIEF, Sarov, Russia, 2001, pp. 70–75.
82. Lebedev, A.I., Igonin, V.V., Nizovtsev, P.N., et al., “Study of Soild Free Surface Instability Under Shock Effect,” Trudy, Vol. 1, RFNC-VNIIEF, Sarov, Russia, 2001, pp. 590–597.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Batkov, Y., Borisenok, V., Gerasimov, S., Komrachkov, V., Kovtun, A., Zhernokletov, M. (2006). Recording Fast Processes in Dynamic Studies. In: Zhernokletov, M.V., Glushak, B.L. (eds) Material Properties under Intensive Dynamic Loading. Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36845-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36845-8_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-36844-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-36845-8
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)