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Breast Cancer pp 145–156Cite as

PET Imaging of Breast Cancer Molecular Biomarkers

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Abstract

Cancer produces major biochemical changes in the cell’s energy metabolism, altering utilization of glucose and other substrates, protein synthesis and expression of receptors and antigens. Tumor growth also leads to hypoxia, with heterogeneity in blood flow owing to focal necrosis, neoangiogenesis, as well as disruption of transport mechanisms of substrates across cell membranes and other physiological boundaries. Molecular changes result in cell cycle dysfunction, altered apoptosis and cell differentiation, neovascularization, and tumor cell migration and invasion. Understanding tumorigenesis is crucial for developing molecular therapeutic targets that can overcome current therapeutic limitations. As our understanding of the molecular nature of cancer improves, better methods are being developed to monitor cancer progression and regression in response to treatment. Insights from research into disease-specific biochemical processes have advanced the development of molecular biomarkers as targets for molecular imaging.

A biomarker can be defined as a measurable variable of a molecular, biological or functional process that can also be used as a measure of pharmacologic response to treatment. Biomarker imaging reflects endogenous molecular/genetic processes in normal and pathologic tissues, making it a particularly attractive technique to obtain molecular information that can be rapidly translated into clinically useful information. Biomarkers have proven highly useful for identifying malignant lesions and staging disease extent. In some cases, they can also be used as sensitive indicators of treatment response. Complementary to biopsy and circulating biomarkers assay, biomarker imaging is applied to stage patients and to assess therapeutic response repeatedly in single lesions, as well as to evaluate the global tumor burden at any stage of disease. Many potential imaging targets have been discovered through research in modern genomics and proteomics.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unit of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital San Paolo, Institute of Radiological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Elisabetta Brugola, Luca Tagliabue & Giovanni Lucignani

  2. Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany

    Andreas K. Buck & Sven N. Reske

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  1. Elisabetta Brugola
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  2. Andreas K. Buck
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  3. Luca Tagliabue
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Nuclear Medicine Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milano, Italy

    Emilio Bombardieri MD

  2. Division of Medical Oncology Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milano, Italy

    Luca Gianni MD

  3. Perspective Clinical Trials Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milano, Italy

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Brugola, E., Buck, A.K., Tagliabue, L., Reske, S.N., Lucignani, G. (2008). PET Imaging of Breast Cancer Molecular Biomarkers. In: Bombardieri, E., Gianni, L., Bonadonna, G. (eds) Breast Cancer. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36781-9_11

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