Abstract
In the coastal zone there is a transition from maritime to continental ecosystems which ensures a variety of ecotopes, high biological diversity and the potential to supply multiple services (ecological, economic and social). In addition to the natural environmental gradient, there is a remarkable footprint of human activities over thousands of years, which makes the coastal zone one of the most densely populated and economically exploited regions in the world. According to some scenarios, within 50 years more than 75% of the world’s human population will live in coastal zones (Small and Nicholls 2003).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Cadastre Book of Estonia and Livonia (1918) (In Russian).
Ehrlich Ü, Krusberg P, Habicht K (2002) Land cover types and ecological conditions of the Estonian coast. Journal of Coastal Conservation 8: 109–118.
Estonian Land Use Cadastre (1939) Tallinn. (In Estonian).
Jansson BO, Dahlberg K (1999) The environmental status of the Baltic Sea in the 1940s, today, and in the future. AMBIO 28: 312–319.
Kull A, Oja T, Mander Ü (2006) A sensitivity analysis of the European Union coastal zone based on environmental and socio-economic sustainability indicators. In: Brebbia CA (ed) Ravage of the Planet. WIT Press, Southampton, Boston. In press.
Land Balance of the Estonian SSR 1966 (1967) Tallinn. (In Russian).
Land Cadastre of the Estonian SSR 1945–1985 (1986) Tallinn. (In Estonian).
Loveland TR, Reed BC, Brown JF, Ohlen DO, Zhu Z, Yang L, Merchant J (1998) Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP DISCover from 1-km AVHRR Data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 21: 1303–1330.
Mander Ü, Palang H (1994) Changes of landscape structure in Estonia during the Soviet period. GeoJournal 33: 45–54.
Meiner A (ed) (1999) Land cover of Estonia. Implementation of the CORINE Land Cover project in Estonia. Tallinn.
Nicholls RJ, Lowe JA (2004) Benefits of mitigation of climate change for coastal areas. Global Environmental Change — Human and Policy Dimensions 14: 229–244.
Orviku K, Jaagus J, Kont A, Ratas U, Rivis R (2003) Increasing activity of coastal processes associated with climate change in Estonia. Journal of Coastal Research 19: 364–375.
Small C, Nicholls RJ (2003) A global analysis of human settlement in coastal zones. Journal of Coastal Research 19: 584–599.
Statistical Yearbook of Estonia 1995 (1996) Tallinn, Statistikaamet. (In Estonian).
Statistical Yearbook of Estonia 2000 (2001) Tallinn, Statistikaamet. (In Estonian).
Statistical Yearbook of Estonia 2005 (2006) Tallinn, Statistikaamet. (In Estonian).
Suursaar Ü, Jaagus J, Kullas T (2006) Past and future changes in sea level near the Estonian coast in relation to changes in wind climate. Boreal Environment Research 11: 123–142.
Turner RK, Subak S, Adger WN (1996) Pressures, trends, and impacts in coastal zones: Interactions between socioeconomic and natural systems. Environmental Management 20: 159–173.
Vellinga P, Klein RJT (1993) Climate change, sea level rise and integrated coastal zone management — an IPCC approach. Ocean and Coastal Management 21:245–268.
Vital Signs (2005) The Trends That Are Shaping Our Future. Worldwatch Institute, W.W. Norton & Company, New York London.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kull, A., Idavain, J., Kull, A., Oja, T., Ehrlich, Ü., Mander, Ü. (2007). The changing landscapes of transitional economies: the Estonian coastal zone. In: Mander, Ü., Wiggering, H., Helming, K. (eds) Multifunctional Land Use. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36763-5_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36763-5_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-36762-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-36763-5
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)