Abstract
The contrast of different phases of polymer samples is often poor because polymers are mainly composed of the same light elements. In this chapter the procedures and methods required to prepare samples for cutting are described, starting with physical and chemical hardening/fixation. In particular, the potential to enhance contrast through chemical staining is discussed. Representative examples show the application of the staining agents most frequently used for polymers (osmium tetroxide and rutheniumtetroxide). Alternative contrast enhancements are described based on physical effects, using γ- or electron irradiation or an unconventional method called straining-induced contrast enhancement. In the final section, typical problems and artefacts associated with fixation and staining processes are discussed in detail.
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(2008). Contrast Enhancement. In: Electron Microscopy of Polymers. Springer Laboratory. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36352-1_14
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36352-1_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
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