Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abedin M, Tintut Y, Demer LL (2004) Vascular calcification: mechanisms and clinical ramifications. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:1161–1170
Agostini B (1967) Licht-und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an den Muskelfasern und an den Endplatten bei Tetanus. Beitr Path Anat 135:250–275
Ahmed A (1975) Calcification in human breast carcinomas: ultrastructural observations. J Path 117:247–251
Ahmed S, O’Neill KD, Hood AF, Evan AP, Moe SM (2001) Calciphylaxis is associated with hyperphosphatemia and increased osteopontin expression by vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Kidney Dis 37:1267–1276
Ali SY (1985) Apatite-type crystal deposition in arthritic cartilage. Scanning Electron Microsc 4:1555–1566
Ali SY, Griffiths S (1981) Matrix vesicles and apatite deposition in osteoarthritis. In: Ascenzi A, Bonucci E, de Bernard B (eds) Matrix vesicles. Wichtig Editore, Milan, pp 241–247
Ali SY, Rees JA, Scotchford CA (1992) Microcrystal depositionin cartilage and in osteoarthritis. Bone Miner 17:115–118
Allenspach AL, Babiarz BS (1975) Intramitochondrial binding of ruthenium red in degenerating chondroblasts. J Ultrastruct Res 51:348–353
Altenähr E, Schäfer H-J, Wulff CA (1970) Zur Wirkung von Thyreocalcitonin auf die experimentelle Weichteilverkalkung. Virchows Arch Abt A Path Anat 349:124–13
Anderson HC (1983) Calcific diseases. A concept. Arch Path Lab Med 107:341–348
Arsenault AL, Jevon GP, Riddell RH, Simon GT (1991) Apatite determination and distribution in an early stage of gallbladder calcification. Ultrastruct Pathol 15:175–183
Atmani F, Khan SR (2002) Quantification of proteins extracted from calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystals induced in vitro in the urine of healthy controls and stoneforming patients. Urol Int 68:54–59
Atmani F, Opalko FJ, Khan SR (1996) Association of urinary macromolecules with calcium oxalate crystals induced in vitro in normal human and rat urine. Urol Res 24:45–50
Atmani F, Glenton PA, Khan SR (1998) Identification of proteins extracted from calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystals induced in the urine of healthy and stone forming subjects. Urol Res 26:201–207
Bab I, Rosenmann E, Neleman Z, Sela J (1981) The occurrence of extracellular matrix vesicles in pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. Virchows Arch [Pathol Anat] 391:357–361
Baccarani Contri M, Boraldi F, Taparelli F, De Paepe A, Pasquali Ronchetti I (1996) Matrix proteins with high affinity for calcium ions are associated with mineralization within the elastic fibers of pseudoxanthoma elasticum dermis. Am J Pathol 148:569–577
Bailey MT, Pillarisetti S, Xiao H, Vyavahare NR (2003) Role of elastin in pathologic calcification of xenograft heart valves. J Biomed Mater Res 66A:93–102
Berry JP (1970) Néphrocalcinose éxperimentale par injection de parathormone. Etude au microanalyseur à sonde électronique. Nephron 7:97–116
Bestetti-Bosisio M, Cotelli F, Schiaffino E, Sorgato G, Schmid C (1984) Lung calcification in long-term dialysed patients: a light and electronmicroscopic study. Histopathology 8:69–79
Bignami A, Appicciutoli L (1964) Micropolygyria and cerebral calcification in cytomegalic inclusion disease. Acta Neuropathol 4:127–137
Bini A, Mann KG, Kudryk BJ, Schoen FJ (1999) Noncollagenous bone matrix proteins, calcification, and thrombosis in carotid artery atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:1852–1861
Bloom S, Davis DL (1972) Calcium as mediator of isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis. Am J Pathol 69:459–470
Bobryshev YV (2005) Transdifferentiation of smooth muscle cells into chondrocytes in atherosclerotic arteries in situ: implications for diffuse intimal calcification. J Path 205:641–650
Boevé ER, Ketelaars GA, Vermeij M, Cao LC, Schröder FH, de Bruijn WC (1993) An ultrastructural study of experimentally induced microliths in rat proximal and distal tubules. J Urol 149:893–899
Boivin G (1975) étude chez le rat d’une calcinose cutanée induite par calciphylaxie locale I. — Aspects ultrastructuraux. Arch Anat Microsc Morphol Expér 64:183–205
Boivin G, Walzer C, Baud CA (1987) Ultrastructural study of the long-term development of two experimental cutaneous calcinoses (topical calciphylaxis and topical calcergy) in the rat. Cell Tissue Res 247:525–532
Bonucci E, Sadun R (1972) An electron microscope study on experimental calcification of skeletal muscle. Clin Orthop Relat Res 88:197–217
Bonucci E, Sadun R (1973) Experimental calcification of the myocardium. Ultrastructural and histochemical investigations. Am J Pathol 71:167–192
Bonucci E, Sadun R (1975) Dihydrotachysterol-induced aortic calcification. A histochemical and ultrastructural investigation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 107:283–294
Bonucci E, Derenzini M, Marinozzi V (1973) The organic-inorganic relationship in calcified mitochondria. J Cell Biol 59:185–211
Bonucci E, Silvestrini G, Ballanti P, Della Rocca C, Mocetti P (1994) Dihydrotachysterol-induced lung calcification in the rat. It J Miner Electrol Metab 8:12–22
Boskey AL, Vigorita VJ, Sencer O, Stuchin SA, Lane JM (1983) Chemical, microscopic, and ultrastructural characterization of the mineral deposits in tumoral calcinosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 178:258–269
Boström KI (2000) Cell differentiation in vascular calcification. Z Kardiol 89:69–74
Boström K (2001) Insights into the mechanism of vascular calcification. Am J Cardiol 88:20E–22E
Boström K, Demer LL (2000) Regulatory mechanisms in vascular calcification. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 10:151–158
Boström K, Watson KE, Horn S, Wortham C, Herman IM, Demer LL(1993) Bone morphogenetic protein expression in human atherosclerotic lesions. J Clin Invest 91:1800–1809
Boström K, Watson KE, Stanford WP, Demer LL (1995) Atherosclerotic calcification: relation to developmental osteogenesis. Am J Cardiol 75:88B–91B
Brandt G (1972) Experimentelle Pathomorphogenese placentarer Verkalkungen. Morphologische und analytische Untersuchungen mit dem Modell der Calciphylaxie. Virchows Arch Abt A Path Anat 356:235–248
Brandt G, Bässler R (1972) Die Wirkung der experimentellen Hypercalcämie durch Dihydrotachysterin auf Drüsenfunktion und Verkalkungsmuster der Mamma. Licht-, elektronenmikroskopische und chemisch-analytische Untersuchungen. Virchows Arch Abt A Path Anat 356:155–17
Bucay N, Sarosi I, Dunstan CR, Morony S, Tarpley J, Capparelli C, Scully S, Tan HL, Xu W, Lacey DL, Boyle WJ, Simonet WS (1998) osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes Dev 12:1260–1268
Campbell GR, Campbell JH (2000) Vascular smooth muscle and arterial calcification. Z Kardiol 89:54–62
Canfield AE, Farrington C, Dziobon MD, Boot-Handford RP, Heagerty AM, Kumar SN, Roberts IS (2002) The involvement of matrix glycoproteins in vascular calcification and fibrosis: an immunohistochemical study. J Pathol 196:228–234
Caulfield JB, Schrag PE (1964) Electron microscopic study of renal calcification. Am J Pathol 44:365–381
Chen NX, Moe SM (2003) Arterial calcification in diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 3:28–32
Chen NX, Moe SM (2004) Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Semin Nephrol 24:61–68
Chen NX, O’Neill KD, Duan D, Moe SM (2002) Phosphorus and uremic serum up-regulate osteopontin expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Kidney Int 62:1724–1731
Cisar JO, Xu D-Q, Thompson J, Swaim W, Hu L, Kopecko DJ (2000) An alternative interpretation of nanobacteria-induced biomineralization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:11511–11515
Collett GDM, Canfield AE (2005) Angiogenesis and pericytes in the initiation of ectopic calcification. Circ Res 96:930–938
Collin-Osdoby P (2004) Regulation of vascular calcification by osteoclast regulatory factors RANKL and osteoprotegerin. Circ Res 95:1046–1057
D’Agostino AN (1964) An electron microscopic study of cardiac necrosis produced by 9α-fluorocortisol and sodium phosphate. Am J Pathol 45:633–644
D’Agostino AN, Chiga M (1970) Mitochondrial mineralization in human myocardium. Am J Clin Path 53:820–824
De Graaf P, Polak BCP, De Wolff D, Schicht IM, Oosterhuis JA, De Graef J (1980) Ocular calcification in dialysis patients. Metab Pediat Ophtalmol 4:73–77
Demer LL, Tintut Y, Parhami F (2002) Novel mechanisms in accelerated vascular calcification in renal disease patients. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 11:437–443
Derfus B, Steinberg M, Mandel N, Buday M, Daft L, Ryan L (1995) Characterization of an additional articular cartilage vesicle fraction that generates calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in vitro. J Rheumat 22:1514–1519
Derfus B, Kranendonk S, Camacho N, Mandel N, Kushnaryov V, Lynch K, Ryan L (1998) Human osteoarthritic cartilage matrix vesicles generate both calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and apatite in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 63:258–262
Dhore CR, Cleutjens JP, Lutgens E, Cleutjens KB, Geusens PP, Kitslaar PJ, Tordoir JH, Spronk HM, Vermeer C, Daemen MJ (2001) Differential expression of bone matrix regulatory proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21:1998–2003
Dijkgraaf LC, Liem RS, de Bont LG, Boering G (1995) Calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystal deposition disease: a review of the literature and a light and electron microscopic study of a case of the temporomandibular joint with numerous intracellular crystals in the chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 3:35–45
Dmitrovsky E, Boskey AL (1985) Calcium-acidic phospholipid-phosphate complexes in human atherosclerotic aortas. Calcif Tissue Int 37:121–125
Doherty TM, Detrano RC (1994) Coronary arterial calcification as an active process: a new perspective on an old problem. Calcif Tissue Int 54:224–230
Doherty TM, Uzui H, Fitzpatrick LA, Tripathi PV, Dunstan CR, Asotra K, Rajavashisth TB (2002) Rationale for the role of osteoclast-like cells in arterial calcification. FASEB J 16:577–582
Doherty TM, Asotra K, Fitzpatrick LA, Qiao J-H, Wilkin DJ, Detrano RC, Dunstan CR, Shah PK, Rajavashisth TB (2003) Calcification in atherosclerosis: bone biology and chronic inflammation at the arterial crossroads. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:11201–11206
Doyle IR, Ryall RL, Marshall VR (1991) Inclusion of proteins into calcium oxalate crystals precipitated from human urine: a highly selective phenomenon. Clin Chem 37:1589–1594
Duffy JL, Meadow E, Suzuki Y, Churg J (1971) Acute calcium nephropathy. Early proximal tubular changes in the rat kidney. Arch Pathol 91:340–350
Dussol B, Geider S, Lilova A, Leonetti F, Dupuy P, Daudon M, Berland Y, Dagorn JC, Verdier J-M (1995) Analysis of the soluble organic matrix of five morphologically different kidney stones. Evidence for a specific role of albumin in the constitution of the stone protein matrix. Urol Res 23:45–51
Eggermann J, Kapanci Y (1971) Experimental pulmonary calcinosis in the rat. Ultrastructural and morphometric study. Lab Invest 24:469–482
Eisenstein R, Zeruolis L (1964) Vitamin-D induced aortic calcification. Arch Path 77:27–35
Ejerblad S, Ericsson JL, Eriksson I (1979) Arterial lesions of the radial artery in uraemic patients. Acta Chir Scand 145:415–428
El-Maadawy S, Kaartinen MT, Schinke T, Murshed M, Karsenty G, McKee MD (2003) Cartilage formation and calcification in arteries of mice lacking matrix Gla protein. Connect Tissue Res 44:272–278
Engelse MA, Neele JM, Bronckers AL, Pannekoek H, de Vries CJ (2001) Vascular calcification: expression patterns of the osteoblast-specific gene core binding factor α1 and the protective factor matrix gla protein in human atherogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 52:281–289
Firooznia H, Pudlowski R, Golimbu C, Rafii M, McCauley D (1977) Diffuse interstitial calcification of the lungs in chronic renal failure mimicking pulmonary edema. Am J Roentgenol 129:1103–1105
Fischer JW, Steiz S, Johnson P, Burke A, Kolodgie F, Virmani R, Giachelli C, Wight TN (2004) Decorin promotes aortic smooth muscle cell calcification and colocalizes to calcified regions in human atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:2391–2396
Fitzpatrick LA, Severson A, Edwards WD, Ingram RT (1994) Diffuse calcification in human coronary arteries. Association of osteopontin with atherosclerosis. JClin Invest 94:1597–1604
Fleming DE, van Bronswijk W, Ryall RL (2001) A comparative study of the adsorption of amino acids on to calcium minerals found in renal calculi. Clin Sci 101:159–168
Fleming DE, Van Riessen A, Chauvet MC, Grover PK, Hunter B, van Bronswijk W, Ryall RL (2003) Intracrystalline proteins and urolithiasis: a synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of calcium oxalate monohydrate. J Bone Miner Res 18:1282–1291
Floege J, Ketteler M (2004) Vascular calcification in patients with end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:V59–66
Fujita D, Terada S, Ishizu H, Yokota O, Nakashima H, Ishihara T, Kuroda S (2003) Immunohistochemical examination on intracranial calcification in neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 105:259–264
Gadeau AP, Chaulet H, Daret D, Kockx M, Daniel-Lamaziere JM, Desgranges C (2001) Time course of osteopontin, osteocalcin, and osteonectin accumulation and calcification after acute vessel wall injury. J Exp Med 192
Gardner MB, Blankenhorn DH (1968) Aortic medial calcification. An ultrastructural study. Arch Pathol 85:397–403
Ghadially FN (2001) As you like it, part 3: a critique and historical review of calcification as seen with the electron microscope. Ultrastruct Pathol 25:243–267
Ghidoni JJ, Liotta D, Thomas H (1969) Massive subendocardial damage accompanying prolonged ventricular fibrillation. Am J Pathol 56:15–29
Giachelli CM (2004) Vascular calcification mechanisms. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:2959–2964
Giachelli CM, Jono S, Shioi A, Nishizawa Y, Mori K, Morii H (2001) Vascular calcification and inorganic phosphate. Am J Kidney Dis 38:S34–37
Giachelli CM, Speer MY, Li X, Rajachar RM, Yang H (2005) Regulation of vascular calcification. Roles of phosphate and osteopontin. Circ Res 96:717–722
Girardot M-N, Torrianni M, Dillehay D, Girardot J-M (1995) Role of glutaraldehyde in calcification of porcine heart valves: comparing cusp and wall. J Biomed Mater Res 29:793–801
Gore I, Arons W (1949) Calcification of the myocardium. A pathologic study of thirteen cases. Arch Path 48:1–12
Grabenwoger M, Sider J, Fitzal F, Zelenka C, Windberger U, Grimm M, Moritz A, Bock P, Wolner E (1996) Impact of glutaraldehyde on calcification of pericardial bioprosthetic heart valve material. Ann Thorac Surg 62:772–777
Grabenwoger M, Bock P, Fitzal F, Schmidberger A, Grimm M, Laufer G, Bergmeister H, Wolner E (1998) Acidic glycoproteins accumulate in calcified areas of bioprosthetic tissue. J Heart Valve Dis 7:229–234
Griethe W, Schmitt R, Jurgensen JS, Bachmann S, Eckardt KU, Schindler R (2003) Bone morphogenetic protein-4 expression in vascular lesions of calciphylaxis. J Nephrol 16:728–732
Gura TA, Wright KL, Veis A, Webb CL (1997) Identification of specific calcium-binding noncollagenous proteins associated with glutaraldehyde-preserved bovine pericardium in the rat subdermal model. J Biomed Mater Res 35:483–495
Hao H, Hirota S, Ishibashi-Ueda H, Kushiro T, Kanmatsuse K, Yutani C (2004) Expression of matrix Gla protein and osteonectin mRNA by human aortic smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Pathol 13:195–202
Hashimoto S, Ochs RL, Rosen F, Quach J, McCabe G, Solan J, Seegmiller JE, Terkeltaub R, Lotz M (1998) Condrocyte-derived apoptotic bodies and calcification of articular cartilage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:3094–3099
Hass GM, Trueheart RE, Taylor B, Stumpe M (1958) An experimental histologic study of hypervitaminosis D. Am J Pathol 34:395–431
Heggtveit HA, Herman L, Mishra RK (1964) Cardiac necrosis and calcification in experimental magnesium deficiency. A light and electron microscopic study. Am J Pathol 45:757–782
Hirsch D, Drader J, Thomas TJ, Schoen FJ, Levy JT, Levy RJ (1993) Inhibition of calcification of glutaraldehyde pretreated porcine aortic valve cusps with sodium dodecyl sulfate: preincubation and controlled release studies. J Biomed Mater Res 27:1477–1484
Hsu HH, Camacho NP (1999) Isolation of calcifiable vesicles from human atherosclerotic aortas. Atherosclerosis 143:353–362
Hsu HH, Camacho NP, Sun F, Tawfik O, Aono H (2000) Isolation of calcifiable vesicles from aortas of rabbits fed with high cholesterol diets. Atherosclerosis 153:337–348
Hsu HH, Camacho NC, Tawfik O, Sun F (2002) Induction of calcification in rabbit aortas by high cholesterol diets: roles of calcifiable vesicles in dystrophic calcification. Atherosclerosis 161:85–94
Hsu HH, Tawfik O, Sun F (2004) Mechanism of dystrophic calcification in rabbit aortas: temporal and spatial distributions of calcifying vesicles and calcification-related structural proteins. Cardiovasc Pathol 13:3–10
Huang S-N, Steele HD, Kumar G, Parker JO (1967) Ultrastructural changes of elastic fibers in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Arch Path 83:108–113
Iwata H, Abe Y, Nishio S, Wakatsuki A, Ochi K, Takeuchi M (1986) Crystal-matrix interrelations in brushite and uric acid calculi. J Urol 135:397–401
Jacob WA, Bakker A, Hertsens RC, Biermans W (1994) Mitochondrial matrix granules: their behavior during changing metabolic situations and their relationship to contact sites between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. Microsc Res Tech 27:307–318
Jakoby MG4, Semenkovich CF (2000) The role of osteoprogenitors in vascular calcification. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 9:11–15
Jeziorska M, McCollum C, Woolley DE (1998) Observations on bone formation and remodeling in advanced atherosclerotic lesions of human carotid arteries. Virchows Arch 433:559–565
Jian B, Jones PL, Li Q, Mohler ER3, Schoen FJ, Levy RJ (2001) Matrix metalloproteinase-2 is associated with tenascin-C in calcific aortic stenosis. Am J Pathol 159:321–327
Jian B, Narula N, Li QY, Mohler ER3, Levy RJ (2003) Progression of aortic stenosis: TGF-β1 is present in calcific aortic valve cusps and promotes aortic valve interstitial cell calcification via apoptosis. Ann Thorac Surg 75:457–465
Justrabo E, Genin R, Rifle G (1979) Pulmonary metastatic calcification with respiratory insufficiency in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Thorax 34:384–388
Kaden JJ, Bickelhaupt S, Grobholz R, Vahl CF, Hagl S, Brueckmann M, Haase KK, Dempfle CE, Borggrefe M (2004) Expression of bone sialoprotein and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in calcific aortic stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis 13:560–566
Kajander EO, Çiftçioglu N (1998) Nanobacteria: an alternative mechanism for pathogenic intra-and extracellular calcification and stone formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:8274–827
Keeley FW (1977) The extraction and partial characterization of proteins released by decalcification from calcified human aortic plaques. Biochim Biophys Acta 494:384–394
Kent SP, Vawter GF, Dowben RM, Benson RE (1958) Hypervitaminosis D in monkeys; a clinical and pathologic study. Am J Pathol 34:37–59
Ketteler M, Westenfeld R, Schlieper G, Brandenburg V, Floege J (2005) “Missing” inhibitors of calcification: general aspects and implications in renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 20:383–388
Khan SR (1992) Structure and development of calcific urinary stones. In: Bonucci E (ed) Calcification in biological systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 345–363
Khan SR, Hackett RL (1984) Microstructure of decalcified human calcium oxalate urinary stones. Scanning Electron Microsc Pt. 2:935–941
Khan SR, Hackett RL (1986) Histochemistry of colloidal iron stained crystal associated material in urinary stones and experimentally induced intrarenal deposits in rats. Scanning Electron Microsc Pt. 2:761–765
Khan SR, Hackett RL (1987) Crystal-matrix relationships in experimentally induced urinary calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, an ultrastructural study. Calcif Tissue Int 41:157–163
Khan SR, Hackett RL (1993) Role of organic matrix in urinary stone formation: an ultrastructural study of crystal matrix interface of calcium oxalate monohydrate stones. J Urol 150:239–245
Khan SR, Finlayson B, Hackett RL (1983) Stone matrix as proteins adsorbed on crystal surfaces: a microscopic study. Scanning Electron Microsc 1:379–385
Khan SR, Shevock PN, Hackett RL (1988) Presence of lipids in urinary stones: results of preliminary studies. Calcif Tissue Int 42:91–96
Khan SR, Atmani F, Glenton P, Hou Z-C, Talham DR, Khurshid M (1996) Lipids and membranes in the organic matrix of urinary calcific crystals and stones. Calcif Tissue Int 59:357–365
Khan SR, Glenton PA, Backov R, Talham DR (2002) Presence of lipids in urine, crystals and stones: implications for the formation of kidney stones. Kidney Int 62:2062–2072
Kim KM (1976) Calcification of matrix vesicles in human aortic valve and aortic media. Feder Proc 35:156–162
Kim KM(1984) Cell injury and calcification of rat aorta in vitro. Scanning Electron Microsc Pt 4:1809–1818
Kim KM (2001) Cellular mechanism of calcification and its prevention in glutaraldehyde treated vascular tissue. Z Kardiol 90:99–105
Kim KM (2002) Cells, rather than extracellular matrix, nucleate apatite in glutaraldehyde-treated vascular tissue. J Biomed Mater Res 59:639–645
Kim KM, Huang S (1971) Ultrastructural study of calcification of human aortic valve. Lab Invest 25:357–366
Kim KM, Herrera GA, Battarbee HD (1999) Role of glutaraldehyde in calcification of porcine aortic valve fibroblasts. Am J Pathol 154:843–852
Kleinman JG, Wesson JA, Hughes J (2004) Osteopontin and calcium stone formation. Nephron Physiol 98:43–47
Kutsuna F (1972) Electron microscopic studies on isoproterenol-induced myocardial lesion in rats. Jpn Heart J 13:168–175
Kuzela DC, Huffer WE, Conger JD, Winter SD, Hammond WS (1977) Soft tissue calcification in chronic dialysis patients. Am J Pathol 86:403–424
Leal JJ, Finlayson B (1977) Adsorption of naturally occurring polymers onto calciumoxalate crystal surface. Invest Urol 14:278–283
Lee CH, Vyavahare N, Zand R, Kruth H, Schoen FJ, Bianco R, Levy RJ (1998) Inhibition of aortic wall calcification in bioprosthetic heart valves by ethanol pretreatment: biochemical and biophysical mechanisms. J Biomed Mater Res 42:30–37
Legato MJ, Spiro D, Langer GA (1968) Ultrastructural alterations produced in mammalian myocardium by variation in perfusate ionic composition. J Cell Biol 37:1–12
Levy RJ, Lian JB, Gallop P (1979) Atherocalcin, a γ-carboxyglutamic acid containing protein from atherosclerotic plaque. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 14:41–49
Levy RJ, Zenker JA, Lian JB (1980) Vitamin K-dependent calcium binding proteins in aortic valve calcification. J Clin Invest 65:563–566
Levy RJ, Schoen FJ, Langer R, Levy JT, Wolfrum J, Hawley MA, Lund SA, Carnes DL (1985) Bioprosthetic heart valve calcification. In: Butler WT (ed) The chemistry and biology of mineralized tissues. Ebsco Media, Inc., Birmingham, AL, pp 375–380
Levy RJ, Schoen FJ, Sherman FS, Nichols J, Hawley MA, Lund SA (1986) Calcification of subcutaneously implanted type I collagen sponges. Effects of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde pretreatments. Am J Pathol 122:71–82
Levy RJ, Schoen FJ, Anderson HC, Harasaki H, Koch TH, Brown W, Lian JB, Cumming R, Gavin JB (1991) Cardiovascular implant calcification: a survey and update. Biomaterials 12:707–714
Levy RJ, Vyavahare N, Ogle M, Ashworth P, Bianco R, Schoen FJ (2003) Inhibition of cusp and aortic wall calcification in ethanol-and aluminum-treated bioprosthetic heart valves in sheep: background, mechanisms, and synergism. J Heart Valve Dis 12:209–216
Lian JB, Skinner M, Glimcher MJ, Gallop P (1976) The presence of γ-carboxyglutamic acid in the proteins associated with ectopic calcification. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 73:349–355
Lian JB, Prien EL Jr, Glimcher MJ, Gallop PM (1977) The presence of protein-bound γ-carboxyglutamic acid in calcium-containing renal calculi. J Clin Invest 59:1151–1157
Lian JB, Boivin G, Patterson-Allen P, Grynpas M, Walzer C (1983) Calcergy and calciphylaxis: timed appearance of γ-carboxyglutamic acid and osteocalcin in mineral deposits. Calcif Tissue Int 35:555–561
Luo G, Ducy P, McKee MD, Pinero GJ, Loyer E, Behringer RR, Karsenty G (1997) Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking GLA protein. Nature 386:78–81
Malagodi MH, Moye HA (1981) Physical and chemical characteristics of renal stone matrix. Urol Surv 31:87–91
Marinozzi V, Derenzini M, Nardi F, Gallo P (1977) Mitochondrial inclusions in human cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Cancer Res 37:1556–1563
Martin BJ, Thomas S, Greenhill NS, Ryan PA, Davis PF, Stehbens WE (1992) Isolation and purification of extracellular matrix vesicles from blood vessels. Prep Biochem 22:87–103
Martinez-Hernandez A, Huffer WE (1974) Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: dermal polyanions and the mineralization of elastic fibers. Lab Invest 31:181–186
Maxwell WA, Spicer SS, Miller RL, Halushka PV, Westphal MC, Setser ME (1977) Histochemical and ultrastructural studies in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (myositis ossificans progressiva). Am J Pathol 87:483–498
McClure J, Gardner DL (1976) The production of calcification in connective tissue and skeletal muscle using various chemical compounds. Calcif Tissue Res 22:129–135
McGregor DH, Mowry M, Cherian R, McAnaw M, Poole E (1995) Nonfamilial tumoral calcinosis associated with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism: report of two cases with clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings. Hum Pathol 26:607–613
McKee MD, Nanci A, Khan SR (1995) Ultrastructural immunodetection of osteopontin and osteocalcin as major matrix components of renal calculi. J Bone Miner Res 10:1913–1929
Meyer WW, Stelzig H-H (1967) Verkalkungsformen der inneren elastischen Membran der Beinarterien und ihre Bedeutung für die Mediaverkalkung. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat 342:361–373
Michaud P-A (1978) Dèpôts cornéens et conjonctivaux lors des traitements d’insuffisance rénale par hémodialyse chronique (Etude de 47 patients). Klin Mbl Augenheilk 172:523–52
Miller VM, Rodgers G, Charlesworth JA, Kirkland B, Severson SR, Rasmussen TE, Yagubyan M, Rodgers JC, Cockerill FR III, Folk RL, Rzewuska-Lech E, Kumar V, Farell-Baril G, Lieske JC (2004) Evidence of nanobacterial-like structures in calcified human arteries and cardiac valves. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287:H1115–H1124
Millis RR, Davis R, Stacey AJ (1976) The detection and significance of calcifications in the breast: a radiological and pathological study. Br J Radiol 49:12–26
Moe SM, Chen NX (2004) Pathophysiology of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Circ Res 95:560–567
Moe SM, O’Neill KD, Duan D, Ahmed S, Chen NX, Leapman SB, Fineberg N, Kopecky K (2002) Medial artery calcification in ESRD patients is associated with deposition of bone matrix proteins. Kidney Int 61:638–647
Moe SM, Duan D, Doehle BP, O’Neill KD, Chen NX (2003) Uremia induces the osteoblast differentiation factor Cbfa1 in human blood vessels. Kidney Int 63:1003–1011
Mohler ER3, Adam LP, McClelland P, Hathaway DR (1997) Detection of osteopontin in calcified human aortic valves. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17:547–552
Nimni ME, Myers D, Ertl D, Han B (1997) Factors which affect the calcification of tissue derived bioprostheses. J Biomed Mater Res 35:531–537
Nishio S, Abe Y, Wakatsuki A, Iwata H, Ochi K, Takeuchi M, Matsumoto A (1985) Matrix glycosaminoglycans in urinary stones. J Urol 134:503–505
Nitta K, Ishizuka T, Horita S, Hayashi T, Ajiro A, Uchida K, Honda K, Oba T, Kawashima A, Yumura W, Kabaya T, Akiba T, Nihei H (2001) Soluble osteopontin and vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 89:455–458
Obenberger J, Ocumpaugh DE, Cubberly MG (1969) Experimental corneal calcification in animals treated with dihydrotachysterol. Invest Ophthal 8:467–474
Obenberger J, Cejkovà J, Brettschneider I (1970) Experimental corneal calcification. A study of acid mucopolysaccharides. Ophthal Res 1:175–186
Ogbuji LU, Finlayson B (1981) Crystal morphologies in whewellite stones: electron microscopy. Invest Urol 19:182–186
Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Fornasier VL (1980) Pseudomalignant myositis ossificans: heterotopic new-bone formation without a history of trauma. J Bone Joint Surg 62-A:1274–1283
Ortolani F, Petrelli L, Bonetti A, Contin M, Marchini M (2003a) Selective silver precipitation and malachite green uptake reveal calcium-binding sites and lipid involvment on calcified aortic valve thin sections. Eur J Histochem 47:5
Ortolani F, Petrelli L, Nori SL, Gerosa G, Spina M, Marchini M (2003b) Malachite green and phthalocyanine-silver reactions reveal acidic phospholipid involvement in calcification of porcine aortic valves in rat subdermal model. Histol Histopathol 18:1131–1140
Otkjaer-Nielsen A, Johnson E, Hentzer B, Danielsen L, Carlsen F (1977) Apatite crystals in pseudoxanthoma elasticum: a combined study using electron microscopy and selected area diffraction analysis. J Invest Dermatol 69:376–378
Pakasa NM, Kalengayi RM (1997) Tumoral calcinosis: a clinicopathological study of 111 cases with emphasis on the earliest changes. Histopathology 31:18–24
Parfitt AM (1969) Soft-tissue calcification in uremia. Arch Int Med 124:544–556
Patriarca P, Carafoli E (1968) A study of the intracellular transport of calcium in rat heart. J Cell Physiol 72:29–38
Paule WJ, Bernick S, Strates B, Nimni ME (1992) Calcification of implanted vascular tissues associated with elastin in an experimental animal model. J Biomed Mater Res 26:1169–1177
Pintér J, Lénárt G, Rischák G (1980) Histologic, physical and chemical investigation of myositis ossificans traumatica. Acta Orthop Scand 51:899–902
Placková A (1975) The ultrastructure of topical cutaneous calcinosis. Cell Tissue Res 159:523–529
Porter R, Crombie AL (1973) Corneal and conjunctival calcification in chronic renal failure. Brit J Ophthal 57:339–343
Povysil C, Matejovsky Z (1979) Ultrastructural evidence of myofibroblasts in pseudomalignant myositis ossificans. Virchows Arch A Path Anat Histol 381:189–203
Price PA, June HH, Buckley JR, Williamson MK (2001) Osteoprotegerin inhibits artery calcification induced by warfarin and by vitamin D. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21:1610–1616
Price PA, June HH, Buckley JR, Williamson MK (2002) SB 242784, a selective inhibitor of the osteoclastic V-H+ ATPase, inhibits arterial calcification in the rat. Circ Res 91:547–552
Price PA, Williamson MK, Nguyen TM, Than TN (2004) Serum levels of the fetuin-mineral complex correlate with artery calcification in the rat. J Biol Chem 279:1594–1600
Proudfoot D, Shanahan CM (2001) Biology of calcification in vascular cells: intima versus media. Herz 26:245–251
Proudfoot D, Skepper JN, Shanahan CM, Weissberg PL (1998) Calcification of human vascular cells in vitro is correlated with high levels of matrix Gla protein and low levels of osteopontin expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18:379–388
Proudfoot D, Skepper JN, Hegyi L, Farzaneh-Far A, Shanahan CM, Weissberg PL (2001) The role of apoptosis in the initiation of vascular calcification. Z Kardiol 90:43–46
Proudfoot D, Davies JD, Skepper JN, Weissberg PL, Shanahan CM (2002) Acetylated low-density lipoprotein stimulates human vascular smooth cell calcification by promoting osteoblastic differentiation and inhibiting phagocytosis. Circulation 106:3044–3050
Qiao JH, Mertens RB, Fishbein MC, Geller SA (2003) Cartilaginous metaplasia in calcified diabetic peripheral vascular disease: morphologic evidence of endochondral ossification. Hum Pathol 34:402–407
Rajamannan NM, Subramaniam M, Richard D, Stock SR, Donovan J, Springett M, Orszulak T, Fullerton DA, Tajik AJ, Bonow RO, Spelsberg T (2003) Human aortic valve calcification is associated with an osteoblast phenotype. Circulation 107:2181–2184
Reslerova M, Moe SM (2003) Vascular calcification in dialysis patients: pathogenesis and consequences. Am J Kidney Dis 41:S96–99
Reynolds ES (1965) Liver paranchymal cell inhury. III. The nature of calcium-associated electron-opaque masses in rat liver mitochondria following poisoning with carbon tetrachloride. J Cell Biol 25:53–75
Reynolds JL, Joannides AJ, Skepper JN, McNair R, Schurgers LJ, Proudfoot D, Jahnen-Dechent W, Weissberg PL, Shanahan CM (2004) Human vascular smooth cells undergo vesicle-mediated calcification in response to changes in extracellular calcium and phosphate concentrations: a potential mechanism for accelerated vascular calcification in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:2857–2867
Ringpfeil F, Pulkkinen L, Uitto J (2001) Molecular genetics of pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Exp Dermatol 10:221–228
Robinson MJ, Strebel RF, Wagner BM (1968) Experimental tissue calcification IV. Ultrastructural observations in vagal calciphylaxis. Arch Pathol 85:503–515
Rogers KM, Stehbens WE (1986) The morphology of matrix vesicles produced in experimental arterial aneurysms of rabbits. Pathology 18:64–71
Ryall RL, Fleming DE, Grover PK, Chauvet M, Dean CJ, Marshall VR (2000) The hole truth: intracrystalline proteins and calcium oxalate kidney stones. Mol Urol 4:391–402
Ryall RL, Fleming DE, Doyle IR, Evans NA, Dean CJ, Marshall VR (2001) Intracrystalline proteins and the hidden ultrastructure of calcium oxalate urinary crystals: implications for kidney stone formation. J Struct Biol 134:5–14
Scarpelli DG (1965) Experimental nephrocalcinosis: a biochemical and morphologic study. Lab Invest 14:123–141
Schäfer C, Heiss A, Schwarz A, Westenfeld R, Ketteler M, Floege J, Müller-Esterl W, Schinke T, Jahnen-Dechent W (2003) The serum protein α 2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein/fetuin-A is a systematically acting inhibitor of ectopic calcification. J Clin Invest 112:357–366
Schoen FJ, Hobson CE (1985) Anatomic analysis of removed prosthetic heart valves: causes of failure of 33 mechanical valves and 58 bioprostheses, 1980 to 1983. Hum Pathol 16:549–559
Schoen FJ, Levy RJ (1992) Bioprosthetic heart valve calcification: membrane-mediated events and alkaline phosphatase. Bone Miner 17:129–133
Schoen FJ, Levy RJ (1994) Pathology of substitute heart valves: new concepts and developments. J Card Surg 9:222–227
Schoen FJ, Levy RJ (2005) Calcification of tissue heart valve substitutes: progress toward understanding and prevention. Ann Thorac Surg 79:1072–1080
Schoen FJ, Levy RJ, Nelson AC, Bernhard WF, Nashef A, Hawley M (1985) Onset and progression of experimental bioprosthetic heart valve calcification. Lab Invest 52:523–532
Schoen FJ, Tsao JW, Levy RJ (1986) Calcification of bovine pericardium used in cardiac valve bioprostheses. Implications for the mechanisms of bioprosthetic tissue mineralization. Am J Pathol 123:134–145
Schoen FJ, Hirsch D, Bianco RW, Levy RJ (1994) Onset and progression of calcification in porcine aortic bioprosthetic valves implanted as orthotopic mitral valve replacements in juvenile sheep. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 108:880–887
Schoppet M, Preissner KT, Hofbauer LC (2002) RAN Klig and and osteoprotegerin: paracrine regulators of bone metabolism and vascular function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22:549–553
Seemayer TA, Thelmo WL, Morin J (1973) Cartilaginous transformation of the aortic valve. Am J Clin Path 60:616–620
Seifert G (1970) Morphologic and biochemical aspects of experimental extraosseous tissue calcification. Clin Orthop Relat Res 69:146–158
Seifert G, Dreesbach HA (1966) Die calciphylaktische Artheriopatie. Frankf Z Path 75:342–361
Seifert G, v. Hentig O (1967) Histochemische und elektronenoptische Befunde zur Pathogenese der experimentellen Hautcalcinose. Beitr Path Anat 135:75–91
Selye H (1962) Calciphylaxis. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Selye H, Grasso S, Patmanabhan N (1960) Topical injury as a means of producing calcification at predetermined points with dihydrotachysterol. Proc Zool Soc 13:1–5
Shanahan CM, Proudfoot D, Farzaneh-Far A, Weissberg PL (1998) The role of Gla proteins in vascular calcification. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 8:357–375
Shanahan CM, Proudfoot D, Tyson KL, Cary NR, Edmonds M, Weissberg PL (2000) Expression of mineralisation-regulating proteins in association with human vascular calcification. Z Kardiol 89:63–68
Singla A, Lee CH (2002) Effect of elastin on the calcification rate of collagen-elastin matrix systems. J Biomed Mater Res 60:368–374
Slavin RE, Wen J, Kumar D, Evans EB (1993) Familial tumoral calcinosis. A clinical, histopathologic, and ultrastructural study with an analysis of its calcifying process and pathogenesis. Am J Surg Path 17:788–802
Spronk HM, Soute BA, Schurgers LJ, Cleutjens JP, Thijssen HH, De Mey JG, Vermeer C (2001) Matrix Gla protein accumulates at the border of regions of calcification and normal tissue in the media of the arterial vessel wall. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 289:485–490
Srivatsa SS, Harrity PJ, Maercklein PB, Kleppe L, Veinot J, Edwards WD, Johnson CM, Fitzpatrick LA (1997) Increased cellular expression of matrix proteins that regulate mineralization is associated with calcification of native human and porcine xenograft bioprosthetic heart valves. J Clin Invest 99:996–1009
Steitz SA, Speer MY, Curinga G, Yang HY, Haynes P, Aebersold R, Schinke T, Karsenty G, Giachelli CM (2001) Smooth muscle cell phenotypic transition associated with calcification: upregulation of Cbfa1 and downregulation of smooth muscle lineage markers. Circ Res 89:1147–1154
Sugimoto T, Funae Y, Rubben H, Nishio S, Hautmann R, Lutzeyer W (1985) Resolution of proteins in the kidney stone matrix using high-performance liquid chromatography. Eur Urol 11:334–340
Suzuki K, Mayne K, Doyle IR, Ryall RL (1994) Urinary glycosaminoglycans are selectively included into calcium oxalate crystals precipitated from whole human urine. Scann Microsc 8:523–530
Sweatt A, Sane DC, Hutson SM, Wallin R (2003) Matrix Gla protein (MGP) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in aortic calcified lesions of aging rats. J Trob Haemost 1:178–185
Szabó É, Módis L (1980) Histochemische Untersuchung der Matrix kalziumhaltiger Harnsteine an-hand topo-optischer Reaktionen. Z Urol u Nephrol 73:879–885
Tanimura A, McGregor DH, Anderson HC (1983) Matrix vesicles in atherosclerotic calcification. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 172:173–177
Tanimura A, McGregor DH, Anderson HC (1986a) Calcification in atherosclerosis. I. Human studies. J Exp Pathol 2:261–273
Tanimura A, McGregor DH, Anderson HC (1986b) Calcification in atherosclerosis. II. Animal studies. J Exp Pathol 2:275–297
Thomas RS, Greenawalt JW (1968) Microincineration, electron microscopy, and electron diffraction of calcium-phosphate-loaded mitochondria. J Cell Biol 39:55–76
Tyson KL, Reynolds JL, McNair R, Zhang Q, Weissberg PL, Shanahan CM (2003) Osteo/chondrocytic transcription factors and their target genes exhibit distinct patterns of expression in human arterial calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:489–494
Valente M, Bortolotti U, Thiene G (1985) Ultrastructural substrates of dystrophic calcification in porcine bioprosthetic valve failure. Am J Pathol 119:12–21
Valouch P, Obenberger J, Vrabec F (1974) Experimental corneal calcification. An ultrastructural study. Ophthal Res 6:6–14
Vandeputte DF, Jacob WA, Van Grieken RE (1990) Phosphorus, calcium and lead distribution in collagen in lead induced soft tissue calcification. An ultrastructural and X-ray microanalytical study. Matrix 10:33–37
Varma VA, Kim KM (1985) Placental calcification: ultrastructural and X-ray microanalytic studies. Scanning Electron Microsc 4:1567–1572
Vattikuti R, Towler DA (2004) Osteogenic regulation of vascular calcification: an early perspective. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286:E686–696
Vyavahare NR, Hirsch D, Lerner E, Baskin JZ, Zand R, Schoen FJ, Levy RJ (1998) Prevention of calcification of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked porcine aortic cusps by ethanol preincubation: mechanistic studies of protein structure and water-biomaterial relationships. J Biomed Mater Res 15:577–585
Vyavahare NR, Jones PL, Hirsch D, Schoen FJ, Levy RJ (2000) Prevention of glutaraldehyde-fixed bioprosthetic heart valve calcification by alcohol pretreatment: further mechanistic studies. J Heart Valve Dis 9:561–566
Wada T, McKee MD, Steitz S, Giachelli CM (1999) Calcification of vascular smooth muscle cell cultures: inhibition by osteopontin. Circ Res 84:166–178
Walton JN (1969) Disorders of voluntary muscle. Churchill Ltd., London
Walton RC, Kavanagh JP, Heywood BR (2003) The density and protein content of calcium oxalate crystals precipitated from human urine: a tool to investigate ultrastructure and the fractional volume occupied by organic matrix. J Struct Biol 143:14–23
Walzer C, Boivin G, Schönbörner AA, Baud CA (1980) Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of the initial phases of an experimental cutaneous calcinosis (calcergy) in the rat. Cell Tissue Res 212:185–202
Wang N-S, Steele AA (1979) Pulmonary calcification. Scanning electron microscopic and X-ray energy-dispersive analysis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 103:252–257
Weinbach EC, von Brand T (1965) The isolation and composition of dense granules from Ca++-loaded mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 19:133–136
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2007). Calcifying Matrices: Pathological Calcifications. In: Biological Calcification. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36013-1_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36013-1_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-36012-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-36013-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)