Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neurobiology of Hair

  • Chapter
Neuroimmunology of the Skin

  • 1186 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abdel-Malek Z, Swope VB, Suzuki I, Akcali C, Harriger MD, Boyce ST, et al (1995) Mitogenic and melanogenic stimulation of normal human melanocytes by melanotropic peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:1789–1793

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Aguilera G, Rabadan-Diehl C, Nikodemova M (2001) Regulation of pituitary corticotropin releasing hormone receptors. Peptides 22:769–774

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Alleva E, Petruzzi S, Cirulli F, Aloe L (1996) NGF regulatory role in stress and coping of rodents and humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 54:65–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM (1993) Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:7915–7922

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ansel JC, Brown JR, Payan DG, Brown MA (1993) Substance P selectively activates TNF-alpha gene expression in murine mast cells. J Immunol 150:4478–4485

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Arck PC, Handjiski B, Hagen E, Joachim R, Klapp BF, Paus R (2001) Indications for a ‘brain-hair follicle axis (BHA)’: inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation and up-regulation of keratinocyte apoptosis in telogen hair follicles by stress and substance P. FASEB J 15:2536–2538

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Arck PC, Handjiski B, Peters EM, Peter AS, Hagen E, Fischer A, et al (2003) Stress inhibits hair growth in mice by induction of premature catagen development and deleterious perifollicular inflammatory events via neuropeptide substance P-dependent pathways. Am J Pathol 162:803–814

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Arck PC, Handjiski B, Kuhlmei A, Peters EM, Knackstedt M, Peter A, et al (2005) Mast cell deficient and neurokinin-1 receptor knockout mice are protected from stress-induced hair growth inhibition. J Mol Med (Berlin, Germany) 83:386–396

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Arck PC, Slominski A, Theoharides TC, Peters EM, Paus R (2006) Neuroimmunology of stress: skin takes center stage. J Invest Dermatol 126:1697–1704

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Asahina A, Moro O, Hosoi J, Lerner EA, Xu S, Takashima A, et al (1995) Specific induction of cAMP in Langerhans cells by calcitonin gene-related peptide: relevance to functional effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:8323–8327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bissonnette EY, Befus AD (1997) Anti-inflammatory effect of beta 2-agonists: inhibition of TNF-alpha release from human mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 100:825–831

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bittencourt JC, Vaughan J, Arias C, Rissman RA, Vale WW, Sawchenko PE (1999) Urocortin expression in rat brain: evidence against a pervasive relationship of urocortin-containing projections with targets bearing type 2 CRF receptors. J Comp Neurol 415:285–312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bohm M, Eickelmann M, Li Z, Schneider SW, Oji V, Diederichs S, et al (2005) Detection of functionally active melanocortin receptors and evidence for an immunoregulatory activity of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in human dermal papilla cells. Endocrinology 146:4635–4646

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Botchkarev VA (2003) Neurotrophins and their role in pathogenesis of alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 8:195–198

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Botchkarev VA, Eichmuller S, Johansson O, Paus R (1997) Hair cycle-dependent plasticity of skin and hair follicle innervation in normal murine skin. J Comp Neurol 386:379–395

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Botchkarev VA, Peters EM, Botchkareva NV, Maurer M, Paus R (1999) Hair cycle-dependent changes in adrenergic skin innervation, and hair growth modulation by adrenergic drugs. J Invest Dermatol 113:878–887

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Botchkarev VA, Botchkareva NV, Albers KM, Chen LH, Welker P, Paus R (2000) A role for p75 neurotrophin receptor in the control of apoptosis-driven hair follicle regression. FASEB J 14:1931–1942

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Botchkarev VA, Botchkareva NV, Peters EM, Paus R (2004) Epithelial growth control by neurotrophins: leads and lessons from the hair follicle. Prog Brain Res 146:493–513

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Botchkarev VA, Yaar M, Peters EM, Raychaudhuri SP, Botchkareva NV, Marconi A, et al (2006) Neurotrophins in skin biology and pathology. J Invest Dermatol 126:1719–1727

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Breathnach AS (1963) The distribution of Langerhans cells within the human hair follicle, and some observations on its staining properties with gold chloride. J Anat 97:73–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Burbach JPH, Weigant VM (1999) Gene expression, biosynthesis and processing of pro-opiomelanocortin derived and vasopressin. In: De Weid D (ed) Neuropeptides: Basics and Perspectives, Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  22. Burchill SA, Thody AJ (1986) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone and the regulation of tyrosinase activity in hair follicular melanocytes of the mouse. J Endocrinol 111:225–232

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Burchill SA, Virden R, Fuller BB, Thody AJ (1988) Regulation of tyrosinase synthesis by alpha-melanocytestimulating hormone in hair follicular melanocytes of the mouse. J Endocrinol 116:17–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Busca R, Ballotti R (2000) Cyclic AMP a key messenger in the regulation of skin pigmentation. Pigment Cell Res 13:60–69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Cannon KE, Chazot PL, Hann V, Shenton F, Hough LB, Rice FL (2007) Immunohistochemical localization of histamine H3 receptors in rodent skin, dorsal root ganglia, superior cervical ganglia, and spinal cord: potential antino-ciceptive targets. Pain 129:76–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Christoph T, Müller-Röver S, Audring H, Tobin D, Hermes B, Cotsarelis G, et al (2000) The human hair follicle immune system: cellular composition and immune privilege. Br J Dermatol 142(5):862–873

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Chuong CM, Cotsarelis G, Stenn K (2007) Defining hair follicles in the age of stem cell bioengineering. J Invest Dermatol 127:2098–2100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Commo S, Bernard BA (2000) Melanocyte subpopulation turnover during the human hair cycle: an immunohisto-chemical study. Pigment Cell Res 13:253–259

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Cotsarelis G (2006) Epithelial stem cells: a folliculocentric view. J Invest Dermatol 126:1459–1468

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Dallos A, Kiss M, Polyanka H, Dobozy A, Kemeny L, Husz S (2006) Effects of the neuropeptides substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and galanin on the production of nerve growth factor and inflammatory cytokines in cultured human keratinocytes. Neuropeptides 40:251–263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ding W, Wagner JA, Granstein RD (2007) CGRP, PACAP, and VIP modulate Langerhans cell function by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation. J Invest Dermatol 127:2357–2367

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Vizi ES (2000) The sympathetic nerve — an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system. Pharmacol Rev 52:595–638

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Fichtelius KE, Groth O, Lidén S (1970) The skin, a first level lymphoid organ? Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 37:607–620

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Funasaka Y, Chakraborty AK, Hayashi Y, Komoto M, Ohashi A, Nagahama M, et al (1998) Modulation of melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor expression on normal human melanocytes: evidence for a regulatory role of ultraviolet B, interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-1beta, endothelin-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Br J Dermatol 139:216–224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Gilhar A, Ullmann Y, Berkutzki T, Assy B, Kalish RS (1998) Autoimmune hair loss (alopecia areata) transferred by T lymphocytes to human scalp explants on SCID mice. J Clin Invest 101:62–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gilhar A, Kam Y, Assy B, Kalish RS (2005) Alopecia areata induced in C3H/HeJ mice by interferon-gamma: evidence for loss of immune privilege. J Invest Dermatol 124:288–289

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Gilhar A, Paus R, Kalish RS (2007) Lymphocytes, neuropeptides, and genes involved in alopecia areata. J Clin Invest 117:2019–2027

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Grammatopoulos DK, Chrousos GP (2002) Functional characteristics of CRH receptors and potential clinical applications of CRH-receptor antagonists. TEM 13:436–444

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Grando SA, Pittelkow MR, Schallreuter KU (2006) Adrenergic and cholinergic control in the biology of epidermis: physiological and clinical significance. J Invest Dermatol 126:1948–1965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Harrist TJ, Ruiter DJ, Mihm MC, Bhan AK (1983) Distribution of major histocompatibility antigens in normal skin. Br J Dermatol 109:623–633

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hegedus ZL (2000) The probable involvement of soluble and deposited melanins, their intermediates and the reactive oxygen side-products in human diseases and aging. Toxicology 145:85–101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hendrix S, Peters EM (2007) Neuronal plasticity and neuroregeneration in the skin — the role of inflammation. J Neuroimmunol 184:113–126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Hendrix S, Peker B, Liezman C, Peters EMJ (2008) Skin and hair follicle innervation in experimental models: a review and guide for the exact and reproducible evaluation of neuronal plasticity. Exp Dermatol 17(3):214–227

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hoffman U, Tokura Y, Nishijima T, Takigawa M, Paus R (1996) Hair cycle-dependent changes in skin immune functions: anagen-associated depression of sensitization for contact hypersensitivity in mice. J Invest Dermatol 106:598–604

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hosoi J, Murphy GF, Egan CL, Lerner EA, Grabbe S, Asahina A, et al (1993) Regulation of Langerhans cell function by nerves containing calcitonin gene-related peptide. Nature 363:159–163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hunt G, Donatien PD, Lunec J, Todd C, Kyne S, Thody AJ (1994) Cultured human melanocytes respond to MSH peptides and ACTH. Pigment Cell Res 7:217–221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Ibanez CF (2002) Jekyll-Hyde neurotrophins: the story of proNGF. Trends Neurosci 25:284–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ito N, Ito T, Betterman A, Paus R (2004) The human hair bulb is a source and target of CRH. J Invest Dermatol 122:235–237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Ito N, Ito T, Kromminga A, Bettermann A, Takigawa M, Kees F, et al (2005) Human hair follicles display a functional equivalent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and synthesize cortisol. FASEB J 19:1332–1334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kaidoh T, Inoue T (2000) Intercellular junctions between palisade nerve endings and outer root sheath cells of rat vellus hairs. J Comp Neurol 420:419–427

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kauser S, Schallreuter KU, Thody AJ, Gummer C, Tobin DJ (2003) Regulation of human epidermal melanocyte biology by beta-endorphin. J Invest Dermatol 120:1073–1080

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kauser S, Thody AJ, Schallreuter KU, Gummer CL, Tobin DJ (2004) Beta-Endorphin as a regulator of human hair follicle melanocyte biology. J Invest Dermatol 123:184–195

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kauser S, Thody AJ, Schallreuter KU, Gummer CL, Tobin DJ (2005) A fully functional proopiomelanocortin/melanocortin-1 receptor system regulates the differentiation of human scalp hair follicle melanocytes. Endocrinology 146:532–543

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kauser S, Slominski A, Wei ET, Tobin DJ (2006) Modulation of the human hair follicle pigmentary unit by corticotropin-releasing hormone and urocortin peptides. FASEB J 20:882–895

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kim HS, Cho DH, Kim HJ, Lee JY, Cho BK, Park HJ (2006) Immunoreactivity of corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in alopecia areata. Exp Dermatol 15:515–522

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Kimata H (2003) Suckling reduces allergic skin responses and plasma levels of neuropeptide and neurotrophin in lactating women with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 132:380–383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kobayashi H, Kromminga A, Dunlop TW, Tychsen B, Conrad F, Suzuki N, et al (2005) A role of melatonin in neuroectodermal-mesodermal interactions: the hair follicle synthesizes melatonin and expresses functional melatonin receptors. FASEB J 19:1710–1712

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Krude H, Gruters A (2000) Implications of proopiomelano-cortin (POMC) mutations in humans: the POMC deficiency syndrome. TEM 11:15–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Krude H, Biebermann H, Luck W, Horn R, Brabant G, Gruters A (1998) Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans. Nat Genetics 19:155–157

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lightman SL, Windle RJ, Julian MD, Harbuz MS, Shanks N, Wood SA, et al (2000) Significance of pulsatility in the HPA axis. Novartis Foundation symposium 227:244–257; discussion 257–260

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Martinez-Esparza M, Jimenez-Cervantes C, Solano F, Lozano JA, Garcia-Borron JC (1998) Mechanisms of melanogenesis inhibition by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in B16/F10 mouse melanoma cells. FEBS 255:139–146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Martinez-Esparza M, Ferrer C, Castells MT, Garcia-Borron JC, Zuasti A (2001) Transforming growth factor betal mediates hypopigmentation of B16 mouse melanoma cells by inhibition of melanin formation and melanosome maturation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 33:971–983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Maurer M, Fischer E, Handjiski B, von Stebut E, Algermissen B, Bavandi A, et al (1997) Activated skin mast cells are involved in murine hair follicle regression (catagen). Lab Iinvest 77:319–332

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Miki I, Seya K, Motomura S, Furukawa K (2004) Role of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 beta in uro-cortin-induced vasodilation of rat aortas. J Pharmacol Sci 96:170–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Nanninga PB, Ghanem GE, Lejeune FJ, Bos JD, Westerhof W (1991) Evidence for alpha-MSH binding sites on human scalp hair follicles: preliminary results. Pigment Cell Res 4:193–198

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Palkina TN, Sharov AA, Sharov TY, Botchkarev VA (2005) Neurotrophins in autoimmune diseases: possible implications for alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 10:282

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Paus R, Christoph T, Müller-Röver S (1999) Immunology of the hair follicle: a short journey into terra incognita. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 4:226–234

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Paus R, Heinzelmann T, Schultz KD, Furkert J, Fechner K, Czarnetzki BM (1994) Hair growth induction by substance P. Lab Invest 71:134–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Paus R, Nickoloff BJ, Ito T (2005) A ‘hairy’ privilege. Trends Immunol 26:32–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Paus R, van der Veen C, Eichmuller S, Kopp T, Hagen E, Muller-Rover S, et al (1998) Generation and cyclic remodeling of the hair follicle immune system in mice. J Invest Dermatol 111:7–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Pavlovic S, Daniltchenko M, Tobin DJ, Hagen E, Hunt SP, Klapp BF, et al (2008) Further exploring the brain-skin connection: stress worsens dermatitis via substance P-dependent neurogenic inflammation in mice. J Invest Dermatol 128:434–446

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Peters A (2005) The self-similarity of the melanocortin system. Endocrinology 146:529–531

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Peters EM, Maurer M, Botchkarev VA, Gordon DS, Paus R (1999) Hair growth-modulation by adrenergic drugs. Exp Dermatol 8:274–281

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Peters EM, Botchkarev VA, Botchkareva NV, Tobin DJ, Paus R (2001) Hair-cycle-associated remodeling of the peptidergic innervation of murine skin, and hair growth modulation by neuropeptides. J Invest Dermatol 116:236–245

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Peters EM, Handjiski B, Kuhlmei A, Hagen E, Bielas H, Braun A, et al (2004) Neurogenic inflammation in stress-induced termination of murine hair growth is promoted by nerve growth factor. Am J Pathol 165:259–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Peters EM, Kuhlmei A, Tobin DJ, Muller-Rover S, Klapp BF, Arck PC (2005) Stress exposure modulates peptidergic innervation and degranulates mast cells in murine skin. Brain Behav Immun 19:252–262

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Peters EM, Arck PC, Paus R (2006a) Hair growth inhibition by psychoemotional stress: a mouse model for neural mechanisms in hair growth control. Exp Dermatol 15:1–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Peters EM, Ericson ME, Hosoi J, Seiffert K, Hordinsky MK, Ansel JC, et al (2006b) Neuropeptide control mechanisms in cutaneous biology: physiological and clinical significance. J Invest Dermatol 126:1937–1947

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Peters EM, Hendrix S, Golz G, Klapp BF, Arck PC, Paus R (2006c) Nerve growth factor and its precursor differentially regulate hair cycle progression in mice. J Histochem Cytochem 54:275–288

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Peters EM, Stieglitz MG, Liezman C, Overall RW, Nakamura M, Hagen E, et al (2006d) p75 Neurotrophin receptor-mediated signaling promotes human hair follicle regression (Catagen). Am J Pathol 168:221–234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Peters EM, Liotiri S, Bodo E, Hagen E, Biro T, Arck PC, et al (2007a) Probing the effects of stress mediators on the human hair follicle: substance P holds central position. Am J Pathol 171:1872–1886

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Peters EM, Raap U, Welker P, Tanaka A, Matsuda H, Pavlovic-Masnicosa S, et al (2007b) Neurotrophins act as neuroendocrine regulators of skin homeostasis in health and disease. Horm Metab Res 39:110–124

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Peters EMJ, Ericson M, Hosoi J, Seiffert K, Hordinsky M, Ansel JC, et al (2006) Neuropeptidergic controls in cutaneous biology: Physiological and clinical significance. J Invest Dermatol 126(9): 1937–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Quevedo ME, Slominski A, Pinto W, Wei E, Wortsman J (2001) Pleiotropic effects of corticotrophin releasing hormone on normal human skin keratinocytes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 37:50–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Rees JL (2003) Genetics of hair and skin color. Annu Rev Genet 37:67–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Rees JL, Healy E (1997) Melanocortin receptors, red hair, and skin cancer. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 2:94–98

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Reynier-Rebuffel AM, Callebert J, Launay JM, Seylaz J, Aubineau P (1997) NE inhibits cerebrovascular mast cell exocytosis induced by cholinergic and peptidergic agonists. Am J Physiol 273:R845–R850

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Romero-Graillet C, Aberdam E, Biagoli N, Massabni W, Ortonne JP, Ballotti R (1996) Ultraviolet B radiation acts through the nitric oxide and cGMP signal transduction pathway to stimulate melanogenesis in human melanocytes. J Biol Chem 271:28052–28056

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Rousseau K, Kauser S, Pritchard LE, Warhurst A, Oliver RL, Slominski A, et al (2007) Proopiomelanocortin (POMC), the ACTH/melanocortin precursor, is secreted by human epidermal keratinocytes and melanocytes and stimulates melanogenesis. FASEB J 21:1844–1856

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Schallreuter K, Slominski A, Pawelek JM, Jimbow K, Gilchrest BA (1998) What controls melanogenesis? Exp Dermatol 7:143–150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Schallreuter KU (1997) Epidermal adrenergic signal transduction as part of the neuronal network in the human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 2:37–40

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Siebenhaar F, Sharov AA, Peters EM, Sharova TY, Syska W, Mardaryev AN, et al (2007) Substance P as an immunomodulatory neuropeptide in a mouse model for autoimmune hair loss (alopecia areata). J Invest Dermatol 127:1489–1497

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Singh LK, Pang X, Alexacos N, Letourneau R, Theoharides TC (1999) Acute immobilization stress triggers skin mast cell degranulation via corticotropin releasing hormone, neurotensin, and substance P: a link to neurogenic skin disorders. Brain Behav Immun 13:225–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Slominski A (2005) Neuroendocrine system of the skin. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 211:199–208

    Google Scholar 

  95. Slominski A, Wortsman J (2000) Neuroendocrinology of the skin. Endocr Rev 21:457–487

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Slominski A, Ermak G, Hwang J, Chakraborty A, Mazurkiewicz JE, Mihm M (1995) Proopiomelanocortin, corticotropin releasing hormone and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor genes are expressed in human skin. FEBS Lett 374:113–116

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Slominski A, Ermak G, Mazurkiewicz JE, Baker J, Wortsman J (1998) Characterization of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:1020–1024

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Slominski A, Wortsman J, Pisarchik A, Zbytek B, Linton EA, Mazurkiewicz JE, et al (2001) Cutaneous expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin, and CRH receptors. FASEB J 15:1678–1693

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J (2004) Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation. Physiol Rev 84:1155–1228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Slominski A, Wortsman J, Tobin DJ (2005a) The cutaneous serotoninergic/melatoninergic system: securing a place under the sun. FASEB J 19:176–194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Slominski A, Zbytek B, Semak I, Sweatman T, Wortsman J (2005b) CRH stimulates POMC activity and corticoster-one production in dermal fibroblasts. J Neuroimmunol 162:97–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Slominski A, Zbytek B, Szczesniewski A, Semak I, Kaminski J, Sweatman T, et al (2005c) CRH stimulation of corticosteroids production in melanocytes is mediated by ACTH. Am J Physiol 288:E701–E706

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Slominski A, Zbytek B, Pisarchik A, Slominski RM, Zmijewski MA, Wortsman J (2006a) CRH functions as a growth factor/cytokine in the skin. J Cell Physiol 206:780–791

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Slominski A, Zbytek B, Zmijewski M, Slominski RM, Kauser S, Wortsman J, et al (2006b) Corticotropin releasing hormone and the skin. Front Biosci 11:2230–2248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Slominski AT, Botchkarev V, Choudhry M, Fazal N, Fechner K, Furkert J, et al (1999) Cutaneous expression of CRH and CRH-R. Is there a “skin stress response system?” Ann NY Acad Sci 885:287–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Sturm RA (2002) Skin colour and skin cancer — MC1R, the genetic link. Melanoma Res 12:405–416

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Suzuki I, Cone RD, Im S, Nordlund J, Abdel-Malek ZA (1996) Binding of melanotropic hormones to the melano-cortin receptor MC1R on human melanocytes stimulates proliferation and melanogenesis. Endocrinology 137: 1627–1633

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Tanaka T, Danno K, Ikai K, Imamura S (1988) Effects of substance P and substance K on the growth of cultured keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 90:399–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Tobin DJ, Kauser S (2006) Hair melanocytes as neuro-endocrine sensors — pigments for our imagination. Mol Cell Endocrinol 243:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  110. Tobin DJ, Paus R (2001) Graying: gerontobiology of the hair follicle pigmentary unit. Exp Gerontol 36:29–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Tobin DJ, Fenton DA, Kendall MD (1991) Cell degeneration in alopecia areata. An ultrastructural study. Am J Dermatopathol 13:248–256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Tobin DJ, Orentreich N, Fenton DA, Bystryn JC (1994) Antibodies to hair follicles in alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol 102:721–724

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Tobin DJ, Slominski A, Botchkarev V, Paus R (1999) The fate of hair follicle melanocytes during the hair growth cycle. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 4:323–332

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Tobin DJ, Gunin A, Magerl M, Handijski B, Paus R (2003a) Plasticity and cytokinetic dynamics of the hair follicle mesenchyme: implications for hair growth control. J Invest Dermatol 120:895–904

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Tobin DJ, Gunin A, Magerl M, Paus R (2003b) Plasticity and cytokinetic dynamics of the hair follicle mesenchyme during the hair growth cycle: implications for growth control and hair follicle transformations. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 8:80–86

    Google Scholar 

  116. Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, Hino T, Kagoura M, Morohashi M (2002) Nerve growth factor and substance P are useful plasma markers of disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 147:71–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Tsatmali M, Ancans J, Thody AJ (2002) Melanocyte function and its control by melanocortin peptides. J Histochem Cytochem 50:125–133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Wei ET, Thomas HA, Christian HC, Buckingham JC, Kishimoto T (1998) D-amino acid-substituted analogs of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and urocortin with selective agonist activity at CRH1 and CRH2beta receptors. Peptides 19:1183–1190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Westgate GE, Craggs RI, Gibson WT (1991) Immune privilege in hair growth. J Invest Dermatol 97:417–420

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Wiesner B, Roloff B, Fechner K, Slominski A (2003) Intracellular calcium measurements of single human skin cells after stimulation with corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin using confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Cell Sci 116:1261–1268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Wille S, Sydow S, Palchaudhuri MR, Spiess J, Dautzenberg FM (1999a) Identification of amino acids in the N-terminal domain of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 that are important determinants of high-affinity ligand binding. J Neurochem 72:388–395

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Wille S, Sydow S, Palchaudhuri MR, Spiess J, Dautzenberg FM (1999b) Identification of amino acids in the N-terminal domain of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 that are important determinants of high-affinity ligand binding. J Neurochem 72:388–395

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Yaswen L, Diehl N, Brennan MB, Hochgeschwender U (1999) Obesity in the mouse model of pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency responds to peripheral melanocortin. Nat Med 5:1066–1070

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Zbytek B, Slominski AT (2005) Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces keratinocyte differentiation in the adult human epidermis. J Cell Physiol 203:118–126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Zbytek B, Pikula M, Slominski RM, Mysliwski A, Wei E, Wortsman J, et al (2005) Corticotropin-releasing hormone triggers differentiation in HaCaT keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 152:474–480

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Biosciences Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK

    D. J. Tobin

  2. Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Neuroscience Research Center, Psycho-Neuro-Immunology, Charité Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Campus Mitte, Charité Platz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany

    E. M. J. Peters

Authors
  1. D. J. Tobin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. M. J. Peters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to D. J. Tobin or E. M. J. Peters .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Weill Cornell Medical College Department of Dermatology, Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., 10021, New York, NY, USA

    Richard D. Granstein MD

  2. Medizinische Einrichtungen Klinik und Poliklinik für, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany

    Thomas A. Luger MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tobin, D.J., Peters, E.M.J. (2009). Neurobiology of Hair. In: Granstein, R.D., Luger, T.A. (eds) Neuroimmunology of the Skin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-35989-0_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-35989-0_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-35986-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-35989-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation