Genomic functions often cannot be understood at the level of single genes but require the study of gene networks. This systems biology credo is nearly commonplace by now. Evidence comes from the comparative analysis of entire genomes: current estimates put, for example, the number of human genes at around 22,000, hardly more than the 14,000 of the fruit fly, and not even an order of magnitude higher than the 6,000 of baker's yeast. The complexity and diversity of higher animals, therefore, cannot be explained in terms of their gene numbers. If, however, a biological function requires the concerted action of several genes, and conversely, a gene takes part in several functional contexts, an organism may be defined less by its individual genes but by their interactions. The emerging picture of the genome as a strongly interacting system with many degrees of freedom brings new challenges for experiment and theory, many of which are of a statistical nature. And indeed, this picture continues to make the subject attractive to a growing number of statistical physicists.
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Lässig, M. (2007). From Biophysics to Evolutionary Genetics: Statistical Aspects of Gene Regulation. In: Bastolla, U., Porto, M., Roman, H.E., Vendruscolo, M. (eds) Structural Approaches to Sequence Evolution. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-35306-5_12
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