Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Antifungal Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit

  • Chapter
Infectious Diseases in Critical Care

  • 2147 Accesses

Abstract

Candidemia and systemic candidiasis were considered rare diseases until the 1950s, and by 1964 only 48 cases of disseminated candidiasis had been described. Endemic mycoses such as coccidiomycosis, blastomycosis and histoplasmosis, described in the early twentieth century, remained a medical curiosity for a long time.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Beck-Sague C, Jarvis WR (1993) Secular trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections in the United States, 1980–1990. J Infect Dis 167:1247

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Fridkin SK, Jarvis WR (1996) Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 9:499

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Vincent JL, Bihari DJ, Suter PM, et al. (1995) The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe (EPIC). JAMA 274:639

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Martin GS, Mannino MS, Eaton S, et al. (2003) The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 308:1546

    Google Scholar 

  5. Jarvis WR (1995) Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections, with emphasis on Candida species. Clin Infect Dis 20:1526

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Pittet (1993) Nosocomial blood stream infections. In: Wenzel (RP) Prevention and control of nosocomial infections, 2nd edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, p 512

    Google Scholar 

  7. Wey SB, Motomi M, Pfaller MA, et al. (1988) Hospital acquired candidemia: the attributable mortality and excess length of stay. Arch Intern Med 148:2642

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Elewski BE (1993) Mechanisms of action of systemic antifungal agents. J Am Acad Dermatol 28:S28

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Johnson E (1999) Mycological activity of antifungal agents. In: Vincent JL (ed) The management of fungal in the ICU. The Liposome Company, London, p 43

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hoeprich PD (1989) Chemotherapy for systemic mycosis. Prog Drug Res 33:317

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Terrell CL, Hughes CE (1992) Antifungal agents used for deep-seated mycotic infections. Mayo Clin Proc 67:69

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Richardson MD, Warnock DW (1997) Antifungal drugs. In: Fungal infections — diagnosis and management, 2nd edn. Blackwell Science, Oxford, p 21

    Google Scholar 

  13. Iwata K (1992) Drug resistance in human pathogenic fungi. Eur J Epidemiol 8:407

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bennett JE (1977) Flucytosine. Ann Intern Med 86:319

    Google Scholar 

  15. Benson JM, Nahata MC (1988) Clinical use of systemic antifungal agents. Clin Pharm 7:424

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Medoff G, Comfort M, Kobayashi GS (1971) Synergistic action of amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine against yeast-like organisms. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 138:571

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Beggs WH, Andrews FA, Sarosi GA (1981) Combined action of amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine on pathogenic yeasts susceptible to either drug alone. Chemotherapy 27:247

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Francis P, Walsh TJ (1992) Evolving role of flucytosine in immunocompromised patients: new insights into safety, pharmacokinetic and antifungal therapy. Clin Infect Dis 15:1003

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Anaissie E, Solomkin JS (1994) Fungal infection. In: Willmore DW, Cheung LY, Harken AH (eds) Care of the surgical patient. New York Scientific American Medical 1. American College of Surgeons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hastings M, Wolff M (1999) Current treatment of fungal infections in the ICU. In: Vincent JL (ed) The management of fungal in the ICU. The Liposome Company, London, p55

    Google Scholar 

  21. Richardson MD, Kokki M (1998) Therapeutic guidelines in systemic fungal infections. Current Medical Literature, London

    Google Scholar 

  22. Vincent JL, Anaissie E, Bruining H, et al. (1998) Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of systemic Candida infection in surgical patients under intensive care. Int Care Med 24:206

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Schafer-Korting M (1993) Pharmacokinetic optimization of oral antifungal therapy. Clin Pharmacokinet 25:329

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Working Party on Fungal Infections (1991) Laboratory monitoring of antifungal chemotherapy. Lancet 35:1577

    Google Scholar 

  25. Viscoli C, Castagnola E (1999) Advantages and disadvantages of current therapy. In: Vincent JL (ed) The management of fungal in the ICU. The Liposome Company, London, p 71

    Google Scholar 

  26. Stamm AM, Diasio RB, Dismukes WE, et al. (1987) Toxicity of amphotericin B plus flucytosine in 194 patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Am J Med 83:236

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Dellamonica P, Fournier JP, Garraffo R, et al. (1985) Contribution à la surveillance des traitments comportant de la 5-flucytosine. Pathol Biol 33:642

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Bennett JE, Dismukes WE, Duma RJ, et al. (1979) A comparison of amphotericin B alone and combined with flucytosine in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med 201:126

    Google Scholar 

  29. Como JA, Dismukes WE (1994) Oral azoles as systemic antifungal therapy. N Engl J Med 330:263

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lavrijsen KLM, van Hout JMG, van Dick DMJ, et al. (1990) Induction potential of fluconazole toward drug-metabolizing enzymes in rat. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36:1799

    Google Scholar 

  31. Joly V, Bolard J, Yeni P (1992) In vitro models for studying toxicity of antifungal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36:1799

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. van den Bossche H, Marichal P, Le Jeune L, et al. (1993) Effects of itraconazole on cytochrome P450-dependent sterol 14-alpha-demethylation and reduction of 3-ketosteroids in Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37:2101

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kramer KM, Tesquet D, Johnson AL, Johnston LH (1998) Budding yeast RSI1/APC2, a novel gene necessary for initiation of anaphase, encodes an APC subunit. EMBO J 17:498

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Goa KL, Barradell LB (1995) Fluconazole — an update of its pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in major superficial and systemic mycosis in immunocompromised patients. Drugs 50:658

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Blum RA, D’Andrea DT, Fiorentino BM, et al. (1991) Increased gastric pH and the bioavailability of fluconazole and ketoconazole. Ann Intern Med 114:755

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Anaissie EJ, Kontoyiannis DP, Huls C, et al. (1995) Safety, plasma concentrations and efficacy of high-dose fluconazole in invasive mould infections. J Infect Dis 172:599

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Saag MS, Dismukes WE (1988) Azole anti-fungal agents: emphasis on new triazoles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32:1

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Fischman AJ, Alpert NM, Livni E, et al. (1993) Pharmacokinetics of 18 F-labeled fluconazole in healthy human subjects by positron emission tomography. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37:1270

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Humphrey MJ, Jevons S, Tarbit MH (1985) Pharmacokinetic evaluation of UK-49858, a metabolically stable triazole antifungal drug, in animals and humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 28:648

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Graybill JR (1989) New antifungal agents. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 8:402

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Toon S, Ross CE, Gokal R, Rowland M (1990) An assessment of the effects of impaired renal function and hemodialysis on the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole. Br J Clin Pharmacol 29:221

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Trotman RL, Williamson JC, Shoemaker DM, et al. (2005) Antibiotic dosing in critically ill adult patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Clin Infect Dis 41:1159

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Silvestri L, Mur Laffon D, Gullo A (1998) Antifungal agents. In: van Saene HKF, Silvestri L, de la Cal MA (eds) Infection control in the intensive care unit. Springer, Milan, p 50

    Google Scholar 

  44. Tucker RM, William PL, Arathon EG, et al. (1988) Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in human coccidioidal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32:369

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Arndt CAS, Walsh TJ, McCully CL, et al. (1988) Fluconazole penetration into cerebrospinal fluid: implications for treating fungal infections of the central nervous system. J Infect Dis 157:178

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Berry AJ, Rinaldi MJ, Graybill JR (1992) Use of high-dose fluconazole as salvage therapy for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36:690

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Nguyen MH, Yu CY (1998) Voriconazole against fluconazole-susceptible and resistant Candida isolates: in vitro efficacy compared with that of itraconazole and ketoconazole. J Antimicrob Chemother 42:253

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Messer SAA, et al. (1998) National surveillance of nosocomial bloodstream infections due to Candida albicans: frequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibility in the SCOPE Program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 31:327

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Working Party on Fungal Infections (1994) Management of deep Candida infection in surgical and intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 20:522

    Google Scholar 

  50. Sanglard D, Ischer F, Monod M, et al. (1996) Susceptibilities of Candida albicans multidrug transporter mutants to various antifungal agents and other metabolic inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40:2300

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hernaez ML, Gil C, Pla J, et al. (1998) Induced expression of the Candida albicans multidrug resistance gene CDR1 in response to fluconazole and other antifungals. Yeasts 14:517

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. White MH, Bowden RA, Sandler ES, et al. (1998) Randomized, double-blind clinical trial of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion versus amphotericin B in the empirical treatment of fever and neutropenia. Clin Infect Dis 271:296

    Google Scholar 

  53. Marr KA, Lyons CN, Rustad T, et al. (1998) Rapid, transient fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans is associated with increased mRNA levels of CDR. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:2584

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Moran GP, Sanglard D, Donnelly SM, et al. (1998) Identification and expression of multidrug transporters responsible for fluconazole resistance in Candida dubliniensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:1819

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Bronstein JA, Gros P, Hernandez E, et al. (1997) Fatal acute hepatitis necrosis due to dose-dependent fluconazole hepatotoxicity. Clin Infect Dis 25:1266

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Muñnoz P, Moreno S, Berenguer J, et al. (1991) Fluconazole related hepatotoxicity in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 151:1020

    Google Scholar 

  57. Hay RJ (1993) Risk/benefit of modern antifungal therapy: focus on hepatic reactions. J Am Acad Dermatol 29:S50

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Albengres E, Le Fouet H, Tillement JP (1998) Systemic antifungal agents. Drug Saf 18:83

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Michalets EL (1998) Update: clinically significant cytochrome P450 drug interactions. Pharmacotherapy 18:84

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Barone JA, Koh JA, Bierman RH, et al. (1993) Food interaction and steady-state pharmacokinetics of itraconazole in healthy male volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37:778

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Daneshmend TK, Warnock DW (1983) Clinical pharmacokinetics of systemic antifungal drug. Pharmacokinet 8:17

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hardin TC, Graybill JR, Fetchick R, et al. (1998) Pharmacokinetics of itraconazole following oral administration to normal volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32:1310

    Google Scholar 

  63. Perfect JR, Savani DV, Durack DT (1985) Penetration of imidazoles and triazoles into cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits. J Antimicrob Chemother 16:81

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. van Cutsem J, van Gerven F, Janssen PA (1987) Activity of orally, topically and parenterally administered itraconazole in the treatment of superficial and deep mycosis: animal models. Rev Infect DIs 9:S15

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Perfect JR, Savani DV, Durack DT (1993) Uptake of itraconazole by alveolar macrophages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37:903

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Walsh TJ, Pizzo A (1988) Treatment of systemic fungal infections: recent progress and current problems. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 7:460

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Denning DW, Lee JY, Hosteler JS, et al. (1994) NIAID Mycosis Study Group: Multicenter trial of oral itraconazole therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Am J Med 7:460

    Google Scholar 

  68. De Pauw BE, Meis JF (1998) Progress in fighting systemic fungal infection in hematological neoplasia. Support Cancer Center 6:31

    Google Scholar 

  69. Johnson EM, Davey KG, Szekely A, et al. (1995) Itraconazole susceptibilities of fluconazole susceptible and resistant isolates of five Candida species. J Antimicrob Chemother 36:787

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Doern GV, et al. (1998) International surveillance of bloodstream infections due to Candida species: frequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibilities of isolates collected in 1997 in the United States, Canada and South America for the SENTRY Program. J Clin Microbiol 36:1886

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Messer SA, Edmond MB, et al. (1998) National surveillance of nosocomial bloodstream infections due to species of Candida other than Candida albicans: frequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibility in the SCOPE program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 30:121

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Groll AH, Gea-Banacloche JC, Glasmacher A, et al. (2003) Clinical pharmacology of antifungal compounds. Infect Dis Clin North Am 17:159

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Bland SE (2002) Voriconazole. Pharmacotherapy Perspectives Nov/Dec:32

    Google Scholar 

  74. Robatel C, Rusca M, Padoin C, et al. (2004) Disposition of voriconazole during continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration in a single patient. J Antimicrob Chemother 54:269

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Neely MN, Ghannoum MA (2000) The exciting future of antifungal therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 19:897

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Ernst EJ (2001) Investigational antifungal agents. Pharmacotherapy 21:65S

    Google Scholar 

  77. Moore CB, Walls CM, Denning DW (2000) In vitro activity of the new triazole BMS-207147 against Aspergillus species in comparison with itraconazole and amphotericin B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:441

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Messer SA, et al. (1999) In vitro activities of BMS-207147 against over 600 contemporary clinical bloodstream isolates of Candida species from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance programme in North America and Latin America. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:2236

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Fung-Tome JC, Huczko E, Minassian B, et al. (1998) In vitro activity of a new oral triazole: BMS-207147. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:313

    Google Scholar 

  80. Hata K, Kimura J, Miki H, et al. (1996) In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of ER-30346, a novel oral triazole with a broad antifungal spectrum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40:2237

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Yamazumi T, Pfaller MA, Messer SA, et al. (2000) In vitro activities of ravuconazole against 541 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:2883

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, et al. (1998) In vitro susceptibilities of Candida bloodstream isolates to the new triazole antifungal agents BMS-207147, Sch 56592 and voriconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:3242

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Ezzet F, Wexler D, Courtney R, et al. (2001) The pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in neutropenic oncology patients (Abstract A 26). In: Abstracts of 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Edited by American Society for Microbiology, Chicago, p 4

    Google Scholar 

  84. Sheehan DJ, Hitchcock CA, Sibley CM (1999) Current and emerging azole antifungal agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 12:40

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Law D, Moore CB, Denning DW (1997) Activity of SCH 56592 compared with those of fluconazole and itraconazole against Candida spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:2310

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Jones RN (1997) Activity of a new triazole, Sch 56592, compared with those of four other antifungal agents tested against clinical isolates of Candida spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:233

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kerridge D (1998) Polyene macrolides antibiotics. In: van den Bossche H, Mackenzie DWR, Cauwenbergh G (eds) Aspergillus and aspergillosis. Plenum Press, New York, p147

    Google Scholar 

  88. Fields BT Jr, Bates JH, Abernathy RS (1970) Amphotericin B serum concentrations during therapy. Appl Microbiol 19:955

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Atkinson AJ Jr, Bennett JE (1978) Amphotericin B pharmacokinetics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 13:271

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. van Burik JA, Bowden RA (1995) Standard antifungal treatment, including role of alternative modalities to administer amphotericin B. In: Meunier F (ed) Invasive fungal infections in cancer patients. Bailliere Tindall, London, p89

    Google Scholar 

  91. Brajtburg J, Powderly WG, Kobayashi GS, et al. (1990) Amphotericin B delivery systems. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34:381

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Bodey GP (1991) Antifungal agents. In: Bodey GP (ed) Candidiasis: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Raven Press, New York, p 371

    Google Scholar 

  93. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, et al. (2002) Antifungal activities of posaconazole, ravuconazole and voriconazole compared to those of itraconazole and amphotericin B against 239 clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. and other filamentous fungi: report from SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program, 2000. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:1032

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Flanagan PG, Barnes RA (1998) Fungal infections in the intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 38:163

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Warnock DW (1995) Fungal complications of transplantations: diagnosis, treatment and prevention. J Antimicrob Chemother 36:73

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Chia JKS, McManus EJ (1990) In vitro tumor necrosis factor induction assay for analysis of febrile toxicity associated with amphotericin B preparations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34:906

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Grasela TH, Goodwin SD, Walawandu MK, et al. (1990) Prospective surveillance of intravenous amphotericin B use patterns. Pharmacotherapy 10:341

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Gelfand JA, Kimball K, Burke JF, et al. (1988) Amphotericin B treatment of human mononuclear cells in vitro results in secretion of tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1. Clin Res 36:456A

    Google Scholar 

  99. Lin AC, Goldwasser E, Bernard EM, et al. (1990) Amphotericin B blunts erythropoietin response to anemia. J Infect Dis 161:348

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Gallis HA, Drew RH, Pickard WW (1990) Amphotericin B: 30 years of clinical experience. Rev Infect DIs 12:308

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Branch RA (1988) Prevention of amphotericin B induced renal impairment: a review on the use of sodium supplementation. Arch Intern Med 148:2389

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Miano-Mason TM (1997) Mechanisms and management of amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity. Cancer Pract 5:176

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Khoo SH, Bond J, Denning DW (1994) Administering amphotericin B: a practical approach. J Antimicrob Chemother 33:203

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Solomkin JS, Flohr A, Simmons RL (1982) Candida infections in surgical patients: dose requirements and toxicity of amphotericin B. Ann Surg 195:177

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Medoff G (1987) Controversial areas of antifungal chemotherapy: short-course and combination therapy with amphotericin B. Rev Infect DIs 9:403

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Laenders AC, deMarie S (1996) The use of lipid formulations of amphotericin B for systemic fungal infections. Leukemia 10:1570

    Google Scholar 

  107. Mehta J (1997) Do variations in molecular structure affect the clinical efficacy and safety of lipid-based amphotericin B preparations? Leuk Res 21:183

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Wingard JR (1997) Efficacy of amphotericin B lipid complex injection (ABLC) in bone marrow transplant recipients with life threatening systemic mycosis. BMT 19:343

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Luke RG, Boyle JA (1998) Renal effects of amphotericin B lipid complex. Am J Kidney Dis 31:780

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Rap R, Gubbins PO (1998) Amphotericin B lipid complex. Ann Pharmacother 31:1174

    Google Scholar 

  111. Tang CM, Bowler ICJW (1997) Do the new lipid formulations of amphotericin B really work? Clin Micro Infect 16:98

    Google Scholar 

  112. White MN, Bowden RA, Sandler ES, et al. (1998) Randomized, double-blind clinical trial of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion versus amphotericin B in the empirical treatment of fever and neutropenia. Clin Infect Dis 27:296

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Walsh TJ, Hiemenz JW, Seibel NL, et al. (1998) Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases. Clin Infect Dis 26:1383

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Garbino J, Pittet D (1997) Candida infections in the intensive care unit. Clin Intensive Care 8:187

    Google Scholar 

  115. Adedoyin A, Bernard JF, Swenson CE, et al. (1997) Pharmacokinetic profile of Abelcet (amphotericin B lipid complex injection): combined experience from phase I and phase II studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:2201

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Anaissie E, White M, Uzon O, et al. (1995) Amphotericin B lipid complex versus amphotericin B for the treatment of invasive candidiasis: a prospective randomized, multicenter trial. Programs and abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobials Agents and Chemotherapy 30: Abst LM21

    Google Scholar 

  117. Goff DA, Sierawski SJ (1998) A clinical and economic analysis of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC; Abelcet) vs. amphotericin B. Programs and abstracts of the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobials Agents and Chemotherapy

    Google Scholar 

  118. Fielding RM, Smith PC, Wang LH, et al. (1991) Comparative pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B after administration of a novel colloidal delivery system, ABCD, and a conventional formulation to rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35:1208

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Taylor RL, Williams DM, Craven PC, et al. (1982) Amphotericin B in liposomes: a novel therapy for histoplasmosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 125:610

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Oppenheim BA, Herbrecht R, Kusne S (1995) The safety and efficacy of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in the treatment of invasive mycosis. Clin Infect Dis 21:1145

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Dupont B (1999) Clinical efficacy of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion against infections caused by Candida spp. Chemotherapy 45(Suppl 1):27

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Anaissie EJ, Mattiuzzi GN, Miller CB, et al. (1998) Treatment of invasive fungal infections in renally impaired patients with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:606

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Herbrecht R (1997) Safety of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 16:74

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Gurwith M, Mamelok R, Pietrelli L, et al. (1999) Renal sparing by amphotericin B colloidal dispersion: clinical experience in 572 patients. Chemotherapy 45(Suppl 1):39

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Meunier F, Prentice HG, Ringden O (1991) Liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome): safety data from a phase II/III clinical trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 28:83

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Walsh TJ, Fingers RW, Arndt CAS, et al. (1999) Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. N Eng J Med 340:764

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Slain D (1999) Lipid-based amphotericin B for the treatment of fungal infections. Pharmacotherapy 19:306

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Laenders AC, Daenen S, Jansen RLH, et al. (1998) Liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of documented and suspected neutropenia-associated invasive fungal infections. Br J Haematol 103:20

    Google Scholar 

  129. Clarck AD, Mackenreich S, Tansey PJ, et al. (1998) A comparative analysis of lipid-complexed and liposomal amphotericin B preparations in haematological oncology. Br J Haematol 103:198

    Google Scholar 

  130. Holland S, Stone J, Li S, et al. (2001) Effect of hepatic insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of caspofungin. In: Program and Abstracts of the 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2001. Edited by American Society for Microbiology, Chicago: Abst A-14

    Google Scholar 

  131. Denning DW (2003) Echinocandin antifungal drugs. Lancet 362:1142

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Villanueva A, Arathoon EG, Noriega LM, et al. (2001) A randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus amphotericin for the treatment of candidal esophagitis. Clin Infect Dis 33:1529

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Arathon EG, Gotuzzo E, Noriega LM, et al. (2002) Randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of caspofungin versus amphotericin B for treatment of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:451

    Google Scholar 

  134. Villanueva A, Gotuzzo E, Arathon EG, et al. (2002) A randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Am J Med 113:294

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Holland S, Stone J, Li S, et al. (2001) Drug interactions between caspofungin and tacrolimus. In: Program and Abstracts of the 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Edited by American Society for Microbiology, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  136. Del Poeta M, Cruz MC, Cardenas ME, et al. (2000) Synergistic antifungal activities of bafilomycin A(1), fluconazole and the pneumocandin MK-0991/caspofungin acetate with calcineurin inhibitors FK506 and L-685,818 against Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:739

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Kullberg BJ, Sobel JD, Ruhnke M, et al. (2005) Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomized non-inferiority trial. The Lancet 366:1435

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Heard SO, Fink MP, Gamelli RL, et al. (1998) Effect of prophylactic administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (filgrastim) on the frequency of nosocomial infections in patients with acute brain injury or cerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 26:748

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Mora-Duarte J, Betts R, Rotstein C, et al. (2002) Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 347:2020

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Colombo AL, Perfect JR, DiNubile M, et al. (2003) Global distribution and outcomes for Candida species causing invasive candidiasis: results from an international randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus amphotericin B for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 22:470

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Voss A, le Noble JL, Verduyn Lunel FM, et al. (1996) Candidemia in intensive care units: risk factors for mortality. Infection 25:130

    Google Scholar 

  142. Diaz E, et al. (1998) Nosocomial candidemia risk factors. Intensive Care Med 24(Suppl 1):S143

    Google Scholar 

  143. Nguyen MH, Peacock JE Jr, Morris AJ, et al. (1996) The changing face of candidemia: emergence of non-Candida albicans species and antifungal resistance. Am J Med 100:617

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, et al. (1995) Intravascular catheter exchange and duration of candidemia. Clin Infect Dis 21:994

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Wingard JR (1995) Importance of Candida species other than Candida albicans as pathogens in oncology patients. Clin Infect Dis 20:115

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Meunier F, Aoun M, Bitar N (1992) Candidemia in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 14:S120

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Kirkpatrick WR, Revankar SG, McAtee RK, et al. (1998) Detection of Candida dubliniensis in oropharyngeal samples from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in North America by Primary CHROMagar Candida screening and susceptibility testing of isolates. J Clin Microbiol 300:7

    Google Scholar 

  148. Safran DB, Dawson E (1997) The effect of empiric and prophylactic treatment with fluconazole on yeast isolates in a surgical trauma intensive care unit. Arch Surg 132:1184

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Blinkhorn RJ, Adelstein D, Spagnuolo PJ (1989) Emergence of a new opportunistic pathogen, Candida lusitaniae. J Clin Microbiol 27:236

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Warnock DW, Burke JF, Cope NJ, et al. (1988) Fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata. Lancet 1310

    Google Scholar 

  151. Gleason TG, May AK, Caparelli D, et al. (1997) Emerging evidence of selection of fluconazole-tolerant fungi in surgical intensive care units. Arch Surg 132:1197

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. van den Bossche H, Marichal P, Odds FC, et al. (1992) Characterization of an azole-resistant Candida glabrata isolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36:2602

    Google Scholar 

  153. Viscoli C, Girmenia C, Marinus A, et al. (1999) Candidemia in cancer patients: a prospective, multicenter surveillance study by the invasive fungal infection group of the EORTC. Clin Infect Dis 28:1071

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG, et al. (1991) Increase in Candida krusei infection among patients with BMT and neutropenia treated prophylactically with fluconazole. N Engl J Med 325:1274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Seidenfeld SM, Cooper BH, Smith JW, et al. (1983) Amphotericin B tolerance: a characteristic of Candida parapsilosis not shared by other Candida species. J Infect Dis 147:116

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Merz WG (1984) Candida lusitaniae: frequency of recovery, colonization, infection and amphotericin B resistance. J Clin Microbiol 20:1194

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Fisher BD, Dixon DM (1999) Invasive aspergillosis: progress in early diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 5:131

    Google Scholar 

  158. Walsh TJ, Dixon DM (1989) Nosocomial aspergillosis: environmental microbiology, hospital epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Eur J Epidemiol 1989:131

    Google Scholar 

  159. Wald A, Leisenring W, van Burik JA, et al. (1997) Epidemiology of Aspergillus infections in a large cohort of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis 175:1459

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Rello J, Esandi ME, Mariscal D, et al. (1998) Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: report of eight cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 26:1473

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Walsh TJ, Melcher GP, Rinaldi MG, et al. (1990) Trichosporum beigelii, an emerging pathogen resistant to amphotericin B. B J Clin Microbiol 28:1616

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Lutwick LI, Galgiani JN, Johnson RH, et al. (1976) Visceral fungal infections due to Pseudallescheria boydii. In vitro drug sensitivity studies. Am J Med 61:632

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Gastinne H, Wolff M, Delatour F, Faurisson F, et al. (1992) A controlled trial in intensive care units of selective decontamination of the digestive tract with nonabsorbable antibiotics. The French Group on selective decontamination of the digestive tract. N Engl J Med 326:594

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Quinio B, Albanese J, Bues-Charbit M, et al. (1996) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in multiple trauma patients. A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Chest 109:762

    Google Scholar 

  165. Edwards JE Jr, Bodey GP, Bowden RA, et al. (1997) International conference for the development of a consensus on the management and prevention of severe Candida infections. Clin Infect Dis 25:43

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Dubé MP, Heseltine PNR, Rinaldi MG, et al. (1994) Fungemia and colonization with nystatin resistant Candida rugosa in a burn unit. Clin Infect Dis 18:77

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Burket JS, Bartlett RH, Hyde KV, et al. (1999) Nosocomial infections in adult patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Clin Infect Dis 28:828

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Goldstein DJ, El-Amir NG, Ashton RCJ, et al. (1995) Fungal infections in left ventricular assist device recipients. ASAID J 41:873

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Eggimann P, Francioli P, Bille J, et al. (1999) Fluconazole prophylaxis prevents intra-abdominal candidiasis in high-risk surgical patients. Crit Care Med 27:1066

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Walsh TJ, Pappas P, Winston DJ, et al. (2002) Voriconazole compared with liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with neutropenia and persistent fever. N Engl J Med 346:225

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Walsh TJ, Teppler H, Donowitz GR, et al. (2004) Caspofungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. N Engl J Med 351:1391

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Wenzel RP (1995) Nosocomial candidemia: risk factors and attributable mortality. Clin Infect Dis 20:1531

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Wright WL, Wenzel RP (1997) Nosocomial candida: Epidemiology, transmission and prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am 11:411

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Rello J, Diaz E (1999) Epidemiology and aetiology of fungal infections in the ICU. In: Vincent JL (ed) Management of fungal in the ICU. The Liposome Company, London, p11

    Google Scholar 

  175. Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM, et al. (1994) Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 230:751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Petri MG, Konig J, Moecke HP, et al. (1997) Epidemiology of invasive mycosis in ICU patients: a prospective multicenter study in 435 non-neutropenic patients. Intensive Care Med 23:317

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Ellis CA, Spivack ML (1967) The significance of candidemia. Ann Intern Med 67:511

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Toala P, Schroeder SA, Daly AK, et al. (1970) Candida at Boston City Hospital. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics and susceptibility to eighth antimicrobial agents. Arch Intern Med 126:983

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Fraser VJ, Jones M, Dunkel J, et al. (1992) Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: epidemiology, risk factors and predictors of mortality. Clin Infect Dis 15:414

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Edwards JE Jr (1991) Invasive Candida infections — evolution of a fungal pathogen. N Engl J Med 324:1060

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Anaissie E, Darouiche RO, Abi-Said D, et al. (1996) Management of invasive Candida infections: results of a prospective randomized, multicenter study of fluconazole versus amphotericin B and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 23:964

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Anaissie EJ, Vartivarian SE, Abi-Said D, et al. (1996) Fluconazole versus amphotericin B in the treatment of hematogenous candidiasis: a matched cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 101:170

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Nguyen MH, Peacock JE Jr, Tanner DC, et al. (1995) Therapeutic approaches in patients with candidemia. Evaluation in a multicenter prospective observational study. Arch Intern Med 155:2429

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, et al. (1994) A randomized trial comparing fluconazole and amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients with neutropenia. N Engl J Med 331:1325

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. van’t Wout JW (1996) Fluconazole treatment of candidal infections caused by non-albicans Candida species. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 15:238

    Google Scholar 

  186. Ang BSP, Telenti A, King B, et al. (1993) Candidemia from a urinary tract source: microbiological aspects and clinical significance. Clin Infect Dis 17:662

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Sobel JD (1999) Management of asymptomatic candiduria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 11:285

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Potasman I, Castin A, Moskovitz B, et al. (1997) Oral fluconazole for Candida urinary tract infection. Urol Int 59:252

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Nassoura Z, Ivatury RR, Simon RJ, et al. (1993) Candidemia as an early marker of disseminated infection in the critically surgical patient: the role of fluconazole therapy. Trauma 35:290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Fisher JF, Newman CL, Sobel JD (1995) Yeasts in the urine: solution for a budding problem. Clin Infect Dis 20:183

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Leu HS, Huang CT (1995) Clearance of funguria with short-course anti-fungal regimens: prospective, randomized, controlled study. Clin Infect Dis 20:1152

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Nerbit SA, Katz LE, McClain BW, et al. (1999) Comparison of two concentrations of amphotericin B bladder irrigation in the treatment of funguria in patients with indwelling urinary catheters. Am J Health Syst Pharm 56:872

    Google Scholar 

  193. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Oude Lashof AML, Kullberg BJ, et al. (2003) Voriconazole salvage treatment of invasive candididasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 22:651

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Graninger W, Presterie E, Schneeweiss B, et al. (1992) Treatment of Candida albicans fungemia with fluconazole. J Infect 26:133

    Google Scholar 

  195. Pittrow L, Penk A (1999) Dosage adjustments of fluconazole during continuous renal replacement therapy (CAVH, CVVH, CAVHD, CVVHD). Mycosis 42:17

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Moody SB, Sveska KJ (1993) Fluconazole dosing in renal impairment: a drug usage evaluation. Hosp Formul 28:499

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Kaufman CA, Bradley SE, Ross SC, et al. (1991) Hepatosplenic candidiasis. Successful treatment with fluconazole. Am J Med 91:137

    Google Scholar 

  198. Anaissie EJ, Bodey GP, Kantarjian H, et al. (1991) Fluconazole therapy for chronic disseminated candidiasis in patients with leukemia and prior amphotericin B therapy. Am J Med 91:142

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Hadley S, Karchmer AW(1995) Fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Infect Dis Clin North Am 9:1045

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Hibberd PL, Rubin RH (1994) Clinical aspects of fungal infection in organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 19(Suppl 1):S33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Pittet D, Anaissie E, Solomkin JS (1996)When to start antifungal therapy in the non-neutropenic critically ill patient. In: Vincent JL (ed) Yearbook of intensive care and emergency medicine. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 964

    Google Scholar 

  202. Penk A, Pittrow L (1998) Status of fluconazole in the therapy of endogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Mycosis 41(Suppl 2):41

    Google Scholar 

  203. del Palacio A, Cuetara MS, Ferro M, et al. (1993) Fluconazole in the management of endophthalmitis in disseminated candidiasis of heroin addicts. Mycosis 36:193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  204. Akler ME, Velland M, McNealy DM, et al. (1995) Use of fluconazole in the treatment of Candida endophthalmitis. Clin Infect Dis 20:657

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Filler SG, Cusllip MA, Mayer CL, et al. (1991) Comparison of fluconazole and amphotericin B for the treatment of disseminated candididasis and endophthalmitis in rabbits. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35:288

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Savani DV, Perfect JR, Cobo LM, et al. (1987) Penetration of new azole compounds into the eye and efficacy in experimental Candida endophthalmitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 31:6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Nomura J, Ruskin J (1993) Failure of therapy with fluconazole for Candida endophthalmitis. Clin Infect Dis 17:888

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Adler-Moore JP, Profitt RT (1993) Development, characterization, efficacy and modes of action of (Ambisome) a unicellular liposomal formulation of amphotericin B. J Liposomal Res 3:429

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Wong-Beringer A, Jacobs RA, Guglielmo BJ (1998) Lipid formulation of amphotericin B: clinical efficacy and toxicities. Clin Infect Dis 27:603

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF, et al. (2002) Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 347:408

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Kartsonis NA, Saah AJ, Lipka CJ, et al. (2005) Salvage therapy with caspofungin for invasive aspergillosis: results from the caspofungin compassionate use study. J Infect 50:196–205

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Taccone FS, Marechal L, Meuleman N, et al. (2003) Caspofungin salvage therapy in a neutropenic patient with probable invasive aspergillosis: a case report. Support Cancer Center 11:742

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Maertens JA, et al. (2002) Caspofungin for aspergillosis (intolerant or refractory). In: Abstracts of the 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Edited by American Society for Microbiology, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  214. Scheven M, Senf L (1994) Quantitative determination of fluconazole-amphotericin B antagonism for Candida albicans by agar-diffusion. Mycosis 37:205

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Sugar AM, Hitchcock CA, Troke PF, Picard M (1995) Combination therapy of murine invasive candidiasis with fluconazole and amphotericin B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 19:598

    Google Scholar 

  216. Petraitis V, Petraitiene R, Sarafandi AA, et al. (2003) Combination therapy in treatment of experimental pulmonary aspergillosis: synergistic interaction between an antifungal triazole and an echinocandin. Clin Infect Dis 187:1834

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Marr KA, Boeckh M, Carter RA, et al. (2004) Combination antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 39:797

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Donahue SP, Greven CM, Zuravleff JJ, et al. (1994) Intraocular candidiasis in patients with candidemia: clinical implications derived from a prospective multicenter study. Ophthalmology 101:1302

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. von Eiff M, Fahrenkamp A, Roos N, Fegeler W, vande Loo J (1990) Hepatosplenic candidiasis — a late manifestation of Candida septicemia. Mycosis 33:283

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Serviço de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital de S. João, Porto, Portugal

    J. A. Paiva MD, PhD & J. M. Pereira MD

Authors
  1. J. A. Paiva MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. M. Pereira MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Critical Care Department, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Carrer Mallafré Guasch, 4, E-43007, Tarragona, Spain

    Jordi Rello MD, PhD  & Alejandro Rodríguez MD, PhD  & 

  2. Medical Intensive Care Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8052, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA

    Marin Kollef MD (Professor of Medicine and Director) (Professor of Medicine and Director)

  3. Intensive Care Department, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Carrer Mallafré Guasch, 4, E-43007, Tarragona, Spain

    Emili Díaz MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Paiva, J.A., Pereira, J.M. (2007). Antifungal Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit. In: Rello, J., Kollef, M., Díaz, E., Rodríguez, A. (eds) Infectious Diseases in Critical Care. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-34406-3_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-34406-3_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-34405-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-34406-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation