Zusammenfassung
Burnout kennzeichnet einen beruflichen Verausgabungsprozess, an dessen Ende Erschöpfung, reduzierte Leistungsfähigkeit und (zynische) Distanzierung von ehemals stark positiv besetzten Zielen stehen. Die individuellen und gesellschaftlichen Kosten von Burnout sind erheblich: Das Spektrum reicht von Depressionen bis zu chronischen physischen Erkrankungen, von Ausfalltagen bis zur Frühberentung. Als Ursachen von Burnout gelten neben individuellen Faktoren wie einem hohen Anspruchsniveau vor allem arbeitsplatzbedingte Faktoren wie hohe emotionale Anforderungen („Helferberufe“), hohe Anforderungen bei gleichzeitig hohem Zeitdruck und geringen Ressourcen, geringe Kontrollmöglichkeiten, mangelnde positive Rückmeldungen und soziale Konflikte am Arbeitsplatz. Präventive Bemühungen haben bisher vor allem im Bereich des Individuums angesetzt, also in der Stärkung individueller Bewältigungskompetenzen, z. B. durch Vermittlung von Stressregulationsstrategien oder Zeitmanagement- und Konfliktlösetechniken. Effektive Primärprävention ist jedoch nur dann möglich, wenn auch potenziell pathogene Arbeitsplatzstrukturen verändert werden, also Zeitdruck genommen wird, Ressourcen zur Verfügung gestellt werden und die Beschäftigten mehr Autonomie erhalten, eigene Arbeitsprozesse kontrollieren zu können.
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Leppin, A. (2007). Burnout: Konzept, Verbreitung, Ursachen und Prävention. In: Badura, B., Schellschmidt, H., Vetter, C. (eds) Fehlzeiten-Report 2006. Fehlzeiten-Report, vol 2006. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-34368-4_6
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