Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Herpes Simplex Keratitis and Related Syndromes

  • Chapter
Cornea and External Eye Disease

Part of the book series: Essentials in Ophthalmology ((ESSENTIALS))

  • 1473 Accesses

Abstract

■ Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK), a result of infection predominantly with the Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) virus, is the most common infectious cause of unilateral blindness and one of the commonest indications for a penetrating keratoplasty

■ The virus may reach the eye by one of two main routes: the “back door” route, that is, entry via the mouth with subsequent spread to the eye; or the “front door” route with direct entry onto the ocular surface with subsequent recurrence in the cornea

■ Anterior segment disease caused by HSV-1 can affect all levels of the cornea, and also cause uveitis and iridocorneal endothelial syndrome

■ Primary disease is usually asymptomatic and recurrent disease usually affects vision through scarring, thinning, and neovascularization. The outcome of infection depends on a number of factors, including viral genes encoded by each strain and the genetic make-up of the host and host immune system

■ Recurrent corneal disease may be a result of anterograde axonal spread from the trigeminal ganglion, persistent or reactivated virus within the cornea. Usually, this is the result of re-activation of the initial strain, but super-infection with a new strain is also possible ■ A combination of polymer chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) offers high specificity and sensitivity for both active disease and diagnosis of corneal scars

■ Topical antivirals are usually sufficient in epithelial disease. Treatment of stromal disease responds to initial topical antivirals followed by a combination of topical antivirals and steroids. Adequate levels of antivirals can be achieved in the anterior chamber following systemic administration in herpetic uveitis

■ Orally administered systemic aciclovir reduces the recurrence of herpetic keratitis and keratouveitis

■ Keratoplasty (penetrating, lamellar, and deep lamellar) is an effective treatment for HSV-1-induced corneal scarring, but rejection and recurrent HSK remain a cause for concern. Antiviral prophylaxis, however, leads to a significant reduction in post-transplant recurrence

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abghari SZ, Stulting RD, Petrash JM (1992) Detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcripts in corneal cells of inbred mice by in situ hybridization. Cornea 11:433–438

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Akiba M, Yoshida I, Suzutani T, Ogasawara M, Azuma M (1996) Relationship of the strain and the intraocular amount of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in the induction of anterior-chamber-associated immune deviation. Ophthalmic Res 28:289–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Alvarado JA, Underwood JL, Green WR, Wu S, Murphy CG, Hwang DG, Moore TE, O’Day D (1994) Detection of herpes simplex viral DNA in the iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 112:1601–1609

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Amano S, Oshika T, Kaji Y, Numaga J, Matsubara M, Araie M (1999) Herpes simplex virus in the trabeculum of an eye with corneal endotheliitis. Am J Ophthalmol 127:721–722

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Armstrong LC, Bornstein P (2003) Thrombospondins 1 and 2 function as inhibitors of angiogenesis. Matrix Biol 22:63–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Asbell PA, Centifanto-Fitzgerald YM, Chandler JW, Kaufman HE (1984) Analysis of viral DNA in isolates from patients with recurrent herpetic keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 25:951–954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ashour HM, Niederkorn JY (2006) Peripheral tolerance via the anterior chamber of the eye: role of B cells in MHC class I and II antigen presentation. J Immunol 176:5950–5957

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Avery AC, Zhao ZS, Rodriguez A, Bikoff EK, Soheilian M, Foster CS, Cantor H (1995) Resistance to herpes stromal keratitis conferred by an IgG2a-derived peptide. Nature 376:431–434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Babu JS, Thomas J, Kanangat S, Morrison LA, Knipe DM, Rouse BT (1996) Viral replication is required for induction of ocular immunopathology by herpes simplex virus. J Virol 70:101–107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Barney NP, Foster CS (1994) A prospective randomized trial of oral acyclovir after penetrating keratoplasty for herpes simplex keratitis. Cornea 13:232–236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Barron BA, Gee L, Hauck WW, Kurinij N, Dawson CR, Jones DB, Wilhelmus KR, Kaufman HE, Sugar J, Hyndiuk RA (1994) Herpetic Eye Disease Study. A controlled trial of oral acyclovir for herpes simplex stromal keratitis. Ophthalmology 101:1871–1882

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Beigi B, Algawi K, Foley-Nolan A, O’Keefe M (1994) Herpes simplex keratitis in children. Br J Ophthalmol 78:458–460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Beneish RG, Williams FR, Polomeno RC, Flanders ME (1987) Herpes simplex keratitis and amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 24:94–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Beswick TS (1962) The origin and the use of the word herpes. Med Hist 6:214–232

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Beyer CF, Arens MQ, Hill GA, Rose BT, Beyer LR, Schanzlin DJ (1989) Oral acyclovir reduces the incidence of recurrent herpes simplex keratitis in rabbits after penetrating keratoplasty. Arch Ophthalmol 107:1200–1205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bialasiewicz AA, Jahn GJ (1984) [Systemic acyclovir therapy in recurrent keratouveitis caused by herpes simplex virus]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 185:539–542

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Binder PS (1977) Herpes simplex keratitis. Surv Ophthalmol 21:313–331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Biswas PS, Banerjee K, Kim B, Rouse BT (2004) Mice transgenic for IL-1 receptor antagonist protein are resistant to herpetic stromal keratitis: possible role for IL-1 in herpetic stromal keratitis pathogenesis. J Immunol 172:3736–3744

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bornstein P, Sage EH (2002) Matricellular proteins: extracellular modulators of cell function. Curr Opin Cell Biol 14:608–616

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bornstein P, Agah A, Kyriakides TR (2004) The role of thrombospondins 1 and 2 in the regulation of cell-matrix interactions, collagen fibril formation, and the response to injury. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:1115–1125

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Braley AE, Alexander RC (1949) Experimental and clinical use of aureomycin in herpes simplex. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 47:335–348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Brandt CR (2004) Virulence genes in herpes simplex virus type 1 corneal infection. Curr Eye Res 29:103–117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Brandt CR (2005) The role of viral and host genes in corneal infection with herpes simplex virus type 1. Exp Eye Res 80:607–621

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Brandt CR, Grau DR (1990) Mixed infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 generates recombinants with increased ocular and neurovirulence. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:2214–2223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Cai W, Astor TL, Liptak LM, Cho C, Coen DM, Schaffer PA (1993) The herpes simplex virus type 1 regulatory protein ICP0 enhances virus replication during acute infection and reactivation from latency. J Virol 67:7501–7512

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Carr DJ, Harle P, Gebhardt BM (2001) The immune response to ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 226:353–366

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Carroll JM, Martola EL, Laibson PR, Dohlman CH (1967) The recurrence of herpetic keratitis following idoxuridine therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 63:103–107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Centifanto-Fitzgerald YM, Varnell ED, Kaufman HE (1982) Initial herpes simplex virus type 1 infection prevents ganglionic superinfection by other strains. Infect Immun 35:1125–1132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Chong EM, Wilhelmus KR, Matoba AY, Jones DB, Coats DK, Paysse EA (2004) Herpes simplex virus keratitis in children. Am J Ophthalmol 138:474–475

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Choudhary A, Hiscott P, Hart CA, Kaye SB, Batterbury M, Grierson I (2005) Suppression of thrombospondin 1 and 2 production by herpes simplex virus 1 infection in cultured keratocytes. Mol Vis 11:163–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Cobo LM, Coster DJ, Rice NS, Jones BR (1980) Prognosis and management of corneal transplantation for herpetic keratitis. Arch Ophthalmol 98:1755–1759

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Coen DM, Schaffer PA, Furman PA, Keller PM, St Clair MH (1982) Biochemical and genetic analysis of acyclovir-resistant mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1. Am J Med 73:351–360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Colin J, Le GM, Le GA, Renard G, Chastel C (1982) [Ocular herpes simplex in children (author’s transl)]. Ophthalmologica 184:1–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Collum LM, O’Connor M, Logan P (1983) Comparison of the efficacy and toxicity of acyclovir and of adenine arabinoside when combined with dilute betamethasone in herpetic disciform keratitis: preliminary results of a double-blind trial. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 103(6):597–599

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Collum LM, Power WJ, Collum A (1992) The current management of herpetic eye disease. Doc Ophthalmol 80:201–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Cook SD (1992) Herpes simplex virus in the eye. Br J Ophthalmol 76:365–366

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Cook SD, Aitken DA, Loeffler KU, Brown SM (1986) Herpes simplex virus in the cornea; an ultrastructural study on viral reactivation. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 105(6):634–641

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cook SD, Hill JM, Lynas C, Maitland NJ (1991) Latency-associated transcripts in corneas and ganglia of HSV-1 infected rabbits. Br J Ophthalmol 75:644–648

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Corey L, Whitley RJ, Stone EF, Mohan K (1988) Difference between herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 neonatal encephalitis in neurological outcome. Lancet 1:1–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Coupes D, Klapper PE, Cleator GM, Bailey AS, Tullo AB (1986) Herpesvirus simplex in chronic human stromal keratitis. Curr Eye Res 5:735–738

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Cunningham ET Jr (2000) Diagnosing and treating herpetic anterior uveitis. Ophthalmology 107:2129–2130

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Darougar S, Wishart MS, Viswalingam ND (1985) Epidemiological and clinical features of primary herpes simplex virus ocular infection. Br J Ophthalmol 69:2–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Dawson CR, Togni B (1976) Herpes simplex eye infections: clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and management. Surv Ophthalmol 21:121–135

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Deshpande S, Zheng M, Lee S, Banerjee K, Gangappa S, Kumaraguru U, Rouse BT (2001) Bystander activation involving T lymphocytes in herpetic stromal keratitis. J Immunol 167:2902–2910

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Dua HS (2000) Herpes simplex virus in the human cornea. Br J Ophthalmol 84:560–561

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Easty DL, Shimeld C, Claoue CM, Menage M (1987) Herpes simplex virus isolation in chronic stromal keratitis: human and laboratory studies. Curr Eye Res 6:69–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Edelhauser HF, Schultz RO, Van Horn DL (1969) Experimental herpes simplex keratitis. Corneal hydration, electrolyte content and structural changes. Am J Ophthalmol 68:458–466

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ellison AR, Yang L, Cevallos AV, Margolis TP (2003) Analysis of the herpes simplex virus type 1 UL6 gene in patients with stromal keratitis. Virology 310:24–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Farhatullah S, Kaza S, Athmanathan S, Garg P, Reddy SB, Sharma S (2004) Diagnosis of herpes simplex virus-1 keratitis using Giemsa stain, immunofluorescence assay, and polymerase chain reaction assay on corneal scrapings. Br J Ophthalmol 88:142–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Fine M, Cignetti FE (1977) Penetrating keratoplasty in herpes simplex keratitis. Recurrence in grafts. Arch Ophthalmol 95:613–616

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Foster CS, Duncan J (1981) Penetrating keratoplasty for herpes simplex keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 92:336–343

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Fraser NW, Lawrence WC, Wroblewska Z, Gilden DH, Koprowski H (1981) Herpes simplex type 1 DNA in human brain tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:6461–6465

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Frye TD, Chiou HC, Hull BE, Bigley NJ (2002) The efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D in decreasing ocular disease severity following corneal HSV-1 challenge. Arch Virol 147:1747–1759

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Fukuda M, Deai T, Hibino T, Higaki S, Hayashi K, Shimomura Y (2003) Quantitative analysis of herpes simplex virus genome in tears from patients with herpetic keratitis. Cornea 22:S55–S60

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Fynan EF, Webster RG, Fuller DH, Haynes JR, Santoro JC, Robinson HL (1995) DNA vaccines: a novel approach to immunization. Int J Immunopharmacol 17:79–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Geller H, Thygeson P (1951) Aureomycine, chloromycetin, and terramycin in experimental herpes-simplex virus infections. Am J Ophthalmol 34:165–174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Gerdes JC, Smith DS, Forstot SL (1981) Restriction endonuclease cleavage of DNA obtained from herpes simplex isolates of two patients with bilateral herpetic disease. Curr Eye Res 1:357–360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ghiasi H, Cai S, Slanina SM, Perng GC, Nesburn AB, Wechsler SL (1999) The role of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 in herpes simplex virus type 1 ocular replication and eye disease. J Infect Dis 179:1086–1093

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Ghiasi H, Cai S, Perng GC, Nesburn AB, Wechsler SL (2000) Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are involved in protection against HSV-1 induced corneal scarring. Br J Ophthalmol 84:408–412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ghiasi H, Cai S, Perng GC, Nesburn AB, Wechsler SL (2000) The role of natural killer cells in protection of mice against death and corneal scarring following ocular HSV-1 infection. Antiviral Res 45:33–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Gordon YJ, Romanowski E, Raullo-Cruz T, McKnight JL (1991) HSV-1 corneal latency. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:663–665

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Gruter W (1920) Experimentelle und klinische Untersuchungen über den sogenannten Herpes corneae. Berl Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges 42:162–167

    Google Scholar 

  63. HEDS (1996) A controlled trial of oral acyclovir for iridocyclitis caused by herpes simplex virus. The Herpetic Eye Disease Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 114:1065–1072

    Google Scholar 

  64. HEDS (2000) Oral acyclovir for herpes simplex virus eye disease: effect on prevention of epithelial keratitis and stromal keratitis. Herpetic Eye Disease Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 118:1030–1036

    Google Scholar 

  65. HEDS (2000) Psychological stress and other potential triggers for recurrences of herpes simplex virus eye infections. Herpetic Eye Disease Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 118:1617–1625

    Google Scholar 

  66. HEDS (2001) Predictors of recurrent herpes simplex virus keratitis. Herpetic Eye Disease Study Group. Cornea 20:123–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Hill JM, Sedarati F, Javier RT, Wagner EK, Stevens JG (1990) Herpes simplex virus latent phase transcription facilitates in vivo reactivation. Virology 174:117–125

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Hiscott P, Armstrong D, Batterbury M, Kaye S (1999) Repair in avascular tissues: fibrosis in the transparent structures of the eye and thrombospondin 1. Histol Histopathol 14:1309–1320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Holland EJ, Schwartz GS (1999) Classification of herpes simplex virus keratitis. Cornea 18:144–154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Honda M, Okuda T, Hasegawa T, Kurokawa M, Shiraki K, Matsuo K, Komatsuzaki M, Niimura M (2001) Effect of long-term, low-dose acyclovir suppressive therapy on susceptibility to acyclovir and frequency of acyclovir resistance of herpes simplex virus type 2. Antivir Chem Chemother 12:233–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hughes WF (1969) Treatment of herpes simplex keratitis. A review. Am J Ophthalmol 67:313–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Hutchison DS, Smith RE, Haughton PB (1975) Congenital herpetic keratitis. Arch Ophthalmol 93:70–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Inoue T, Inoue Y, Hayashi K, Shimomura Y, Fujisawa Y, Aono A, Tano Y (2002) Effect of herpes simplex virus-1 gD or gD-IL-2 DNA vaccine on herpetic keratitis. Cornea 21:S79–-S85

    Google Scholar 

  74. Inoue T, Inoue Y, Hayashi K, Yoshida A, Nishida K, Shimomura Y, Fujisawa Y, Aono A, Tano Y (2002) Topical administration of HSV gD-IL-2 DNA is highly protective against murine herpetic stromal keratitis. Cornea 21:106–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Jackson SA, DeLuca NA (2003) Relationship of herpes simplex virus genome configuration to productive and persistent infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:7871–7876

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Jeffries DJ (1991) Intra-uterine and neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 80:21–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Jerome KR, Fox R, Chen Z, Sarkar P, Corey L (2001) Inhibition of apoptosis by primary isolates of herpes simplex virus. Arch Virol 146:2219–2225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Kaufman HE (2000) Treatment of viral diseases of the cornea and external eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 19:69–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kaufman HE, Azcuy AM, Varnell ED, Sloop GD, Thompson HW, Hill JM (2005) HSV-1 DNA in tears and saliva of normal adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:241–247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kaye S, Choudhary A (2006) Herpes simplex keratitis. Prog Retin Eye Res 25:355–380

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Kaye SB, Lynas C, Patterson A, Risk JM, McCarthy K, Hart CA (1991) Evidence for herpes simplex viral latency in the human cornea. Br J Ophthalmol 75:195–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kaye SB, Shimeld C, Grinfeld E, Maitland NJ, Hill TJ, Easty DL (1992) Non-traumatic acquisition of herpes simplex virus infection through the eye. Br J Ophthalmol 76:412–418

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Kaye SB, Baker K, Bonshek R, Maseruka H, Grinfeld E, Tullo A, Easty DL, Hart CA (2000) Human herpesviruses in the cornea. Br J Ophthalmol 84:563–571

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Keadle TL, Laycock KA, Miller JK, Hook KK, Fenoglio ED, Francotte M, Slaoui M, Stuart PM, Pepose JS (1997) Efficacy of a recombinant glycoprotein D subunit vaccine on the development of primary and recurrent ocular infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 in mice. J Infect Dis 176:331–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Keadle TL, Laycock KA, Morris JL, Leib DA, Morrison LA, Pepose JS, Stuart PM (2002) Therapeutic vaccination with vhs(-) herpes simplex virus reduces the severity of recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis in mice. J Gen Virol 83:2361–2365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Kezuka T (2004) Immune deviation and ocular infections with varicella zoster virus. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 12:17–24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kintner RL, Brandt CR (1995) The effect of viral inoculum level and host age on disease incidence, disease severity, and mortality in a murine model of ocular HSV-1 infection. Curr Eye Res 14:145–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Knipe DM, Howley PM (2001) Fields virology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  89. Koelle DM, Ghiasi H (2005) Prospects for developing an effective vaccine against ocular herpes simplex virus infection. Curr Eye Res 30:929–942

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Labetoulle M, Kucera P, Ugolini G, Lafay F, Frau E, Offret H, Flamand A (2000) Neuronal propagation of HSV1 from the oral mucosa to the eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:2600–2606

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Langston RH, Pavan-Langston D (1975) Penetrating keratoplasty for herpetic keratitis: decision-making and management. Int Ophthalmol Clin 15:125–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Lass JH, Langston RH, Foster CS, Pavan-Langston D (1984) Antiviral medications and corneal wound healing. Antiviral Res 4:143–157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Lavail JH, Tauscher AN, Hicks JW, Harrabi O, Melroe GT, Knipe DM (2005) Genetic and molecular in vivo analysis of herpes simplex virus assembly in murine visual system neurons. J Virol 79:11142–11150

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Lee S, Zheng M, Deshpande S, Eo SK, Hamilton TA, Rouse BT (2002) IL-12 suppresses the expression of ocular immunoinflammatory lesions by effects on angiogenesis. J Leukoc Biol 71:469–476

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Lee S, Zheng M, Kim B, Rouse BT (2002) Role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in angiogenesis caused by ocular infection with herpes simplex virus. J Clin Invest 110:1105–1111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Leib DA, Bogard CL, Kosz-Vnenchak M, Hicks KA, Coen DM, Knipe DM, Schaffer PA (1989) A deletion mutant of the latency-associated transcript of herpes simplex virus type 1 reactivates from the latent state with reduced frequency. J Virol 63:2893–2900

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Leib DA, Coen DM, Bogard CL, Hicks KA, Yager DR, Knipe DM, Tyler KL, Schaffer PA (1989) Immediate-early regulatory gene mutants define different stages in the establishment and reactivation of herpes simplex virus latency. J Virol 63:759–768

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Liesegang TJ (1988) Ocular herpes simplex infection: pathogenesis and current therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 63:1092–1105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Liesegang TJ (1989) Epidemiology of ocular herpes simplex. Natural history in Rochester, Minn, 1950 through 1982. Arch Ophthalmol 107:1160–1165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Liesegang TJ (1999) Classification of herpes simplex virus keratitis and anterior uveitis. Cornea 18:127–143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Liesegang TJ (2001) Herpes simplex virus epidemiology and ocular importance. Cornea 20:1–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Lin HH, Faunce DE, Stacey M, Terajewicz A, Nakamura T, Zhang-Hoover J, Kerley M, Mucenski ML, Gordon S, Stein-Streilein J (2005) The macrophage F4/80 receptor is required for the induction of antigen-specific efferent regulatory T cells in peripheral tolerance. J Exp Med 201:1615–1625

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Lowenstein A (1919) Ätiologie Untersuchungen über den fieberhaften Herpes. Munch Med Wochenschr 66:769

    Google Scholar 

  104. Mador N, Panet A, Steiner I (2002) The latency-associated gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) interferes with superinfection by HSV-1. J Neurovirol 8 [Suppl 2]:97–102

    Google Scholar 

  105. Maggs DJ, Chang E, Nasisse MP, Mitchell WJ (1998) Persistence of herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA in chronic conjunctival and eyelid lesions of mice. J Virol 72:9166–9172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Mao H, Rosenthal KS (2003) Strain-dependent structural variants of herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP34.5 determine viral plaque size, efficiency of glycoprotein processing, and viral release and neuroinvasive disease potential. J Virol 77:3409–3417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Margolis TP, Ostler HB (1990) Treatment of ocular disease in eczema herpeticum. Am J Ophthalmol 110:274–279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. McGill J, Tormey P, Walker CB (1981) Comparative trial of acyclovir and adenine arabinoside in the treatment of herpes simplex corneal ulcers. Br J Ophthalmol 65:610–613

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Mcnab A (1907) Ulceration of the cornea. Tindall and Cox, London, pp 162–165

    Google Scholar 

  110. Mengelle C, Sandres-Saune K, Miedouge M, Mansuy JM, Bouquies C, Izopet J (2004) Use of two real-time polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) to detect herpes simplex type 1 and 2-DNA after automated extraction of nucleic acid. J Med Virol 74:459–462

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Metcalf JF, Kaufman HE (1976) Herpetic stromal keratitis – evidence for cell-mediated immunopathogenesis. Am J Ophthalmol 82:827–834

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Meyers RL (1975) Immunology of herpes simplex virus infection. Int Ophthalmol Clin 15:37–47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Meyers RL, Chitjian PA (1976) Immunology of herpesvirus infection: immunity to herpes simplex virus in eye infections. Surv Ophthalmol 21:194–204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Meyers RL, Pettit TH (1973) Corneal immune response to Herpes simplex virus antigens. J Immunol 110:1575–1590

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Meyers-Elliott RH, Pettit TH, Maxwell WA (1980) Viral antigens in the immune ring of Herpes simplex stromal keratitis. Arch Ophthalmol 98:897–904

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Miserocchi E, Waheed NK, Dios E, Christen W, Merayo J, Roque M, Foster CS (2002) Visual outcome in herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus uveitis: a clinical evaluation and comparison. Ophthalmology 109:1532–1537

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Mitchell WJ, Gressens P, Martin JR, DeSanto R (1994) Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA persistence, progressive disease and transgenic im‑mediate early gene promoter activity in chronic corneal infections in mice. J Gen Virol 75(6):1201–1210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Moyes AL, Sugar A, Musch DC, Barnes RD (1994) Antiviral therapy after penetrating keratoplasty for herpes simplex keratitis. Arch Ophthalmol 112:601–607

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA (2002) Medical microbiology. Mosby, St. Louis

    Google Scholar 

  120. Nahmias AJ, Dowdle WR (1968) Antigenic and biologic differences in herpesvirus hominis. Prog Med Virol 10:110–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Nahmias AJ, Visintine AM, Caldwell DR, Wilson LA (1976) Eye infections with herpes simplex viruses in neonates. Surv Ophthalmol 21:100–105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Nesburn AB, Ghiasi H, Wechsler SL (1990) Ocular safety and efficacy of an HSV-1 gD vaccine during primary and latent infection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:1497–1502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Nesburn AB, Burke RL, Ghiasi H, Slanina S, Bahri S, Wechsler SL (1994) Vaccine therapy for ocular herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection: periocular vaccination reduces spontaneous ocular HSV type 1 shedding in latently infected rabbits. J Virol 68:5084–5092

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Nesburn AB, Burke RL, Ghiasi H, Slanina SM, Wechsler SL (1998) A therapeutic vaccine that reduces recurrent herpes simplex virus type 1 corneal disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:1163–1170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Nesburn AB, Slanina S, Burke RL, Ghiasi H, Bahri S, Wechsler SL (1998) Local periocular vaccination protects against eye disease more effectively than systemic vaccination following primary ocular herpes simplex virus infection in rabbits. J Virol 72:7715–7721

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Nicholls SM, Shimeld C, Easty DL, Hill TJ (1996) Recurrent herpes simplex after corneal transplantation in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:425–435

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Norberg P, Bergstrom T, Rekabdar E, Lindh M, Liljeqvist JA (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of clinical herpes simplex virus type 1 isolates identified three genetic groups and recombinant viruses. J Virol 78:10755–10764

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Norn MS (1970) Dendritic (herpetic) keratitis. I. Incidence – seasonal variations – recurrence rate – visual impairment – therapy. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 48:91–107

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Norose K, Yano A, Zhang XM, Blankenhorn E, Heber-Katz E (2002) Mapping of genes involved in murine herpes simplex virus keratitis: identification of genes and their modifiers. J Virol 76:3502–3510

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. O’Brien WJ, Tsao LS, Taylor JL (1998) Tissue-specific accumulation of latency-associated transcripts in herpes virus-infected rabbits. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:1847–1853

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Okuda T, Kurokawa M, Matsuo K, Honda M, Niimura M, Shiraki K (2004) Suppression of generation and replication of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus by a sensitive virus. J Med Virol 72:112–120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Olsen TW, Hardten DR, Meiusi RS, Holland EJ (1994) Linear endotheliitis. Am J Ophthalmol 117:468–474

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Oosterhuis JA, van GR, Versteeg J (1983) Acyclovir treatment in stromal herpetic keratitis. Doc Ophthalmol 56:81–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Openshaw H, McNeill JI, Lin XH, Niland J, Cantin EM (1995) Herpes simplex virus DNA in normal corneas: persistence without viral shedding from ganglia. J Med Virol 46:75–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Osorio Y, Ghiasi H (2003) Comparison of adjuvant efficacy of herpes simplex virus type 1 recombinant viruses expressing TH1 and TH2 cytokine genes. J Virol 77:5774–5783

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Osorio Y, Ghiasi H (2005) Recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) codelivering interleukin-12p35 as a molecular adjuvant enhances the protective immune response against ocular HSV-1 challenge. J Virol 79:3297–3308

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Osorio Y, Cohen J, Ghiasi H (2004) Improved protection from primary ocular HSV-1 infection and establishment of latency using multigenic DNA vaccines. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:506–514

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Ostler HB (1976) Herpes simplex: the primary infection. Surv Ophthalmol 21:91–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Pavan-Langston D (1975) Diagnosis and management of herpes simplex ocular infection. Int Ophthalmol Clin 15:19–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Pavan-Langston D, Langston RH, Geary PA (1974) Prophylaxis and therapy of experimental ocular herpes simplex. Comparison of idoxuridine, adenine arabinoside, and hypoxanthine arabinoside. Arch Ophthalmol 92:417–421

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Peek R, Verjans GM, Meek B (2002) Herpes simplex virus infection of the human eye induces a compartmentalized virus-specific B cell response. J Infect Dis 186:1539–1546

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Penfold ME, Armati P, Cunningham AL (1994) Axonal transport of herpes simplex virions to epidermal cells: evidence for a specialized mode of virus transport and assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:6529–6533

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Pepose JS (1991) External ocular herpesvirus infections in immunodeficiency. Curr Eye Res 10 [Suppl]:87–95

    Google Scholar 

  144. Perng GC, Mott KR, Osorio N, Yukht A, Salina S, Nguyen QH, Nesburn AB, Wechsler SL (2002) Herpes simplex virus type 1 mutants containing the KOS strain ICP34.5 gene in place of the McKrae ICP34.5 gene have McKrae-like spontaneous reactivation but non-McKrae-like virulence. J Gen Virol 83:2933–2942

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Poirier RH (1980) Herpetic ocular infections of childhood. Arch Ophthalmol 98:704–706

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Polcicova K, Biswas PS, Banerjee K, Wisner TW, Rouse BT, Johnson DC (2005) Herpes keratitis in the absence of anterograde transport of virus from sensory ganglia to the cornea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:11462–11467

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Remeijer L, Doornenbal P, Geerards AJ, Rijneveld WA, Beekhuis WH (1997) Newly acquired herpes simplex virus keratitis after penetrating keratoplasty. Ophthalmology 104:648–652

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Remeijer L, Maertzdorf J, Doornenbal P, Verjans GM, Osterhaus AD (2001) Herpes simplex virus 1 transmission through corneal transplantation. Lancet 357:442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Remeijer L, Maertzdorf J, Buitenwerf J, Osterhaus AD, Verjans GM (2002) Corneal herpes simplex virus type 1 superinfection in patients with recrudescent herpetic keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:358–363

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Reynolds JD, Griebel M, Mallory S, Steele R (1986) Congenital herpes simplex retinitis. Am J Ophthalmol 102:33–36

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Richards CM, Case R, Hirst TR, Hill TJ, Williams NA (2003) Protection against recurrent ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 disease after therapeutic vaccination of latently infected mice. J Virol 77:6692–6699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Rixon FJ, Campbell ME, Clements JB (1984) A tandemly reiterated DNA sequence in the long repeat region of herpes simplex virus type 1 found in close proximity to immediate-early mRNA 1. J Virol 52:715–718

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Rodriguez A, Power WJ, Neves RA, Foster CS (1995) Recurrence rate of herpetic uveitis in patients on long-term oral acyclovir. Doc Ophthalmol 90:331–340

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Roest RW, Carman WF, Maertzdorf J, Scoular A, Harvey J, Kant M, Van Der Meijden WI, Verjans GM, Osterhaus AD (2004) Genotypic analysis of sequential genital herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) isolates of patients with recurrent HSV-1 associated genital herpes. J Med Virol 73:601–604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Rong BL, Pavan-Langston D, Weng QP, Martinez R, Cherry JM, Dunkel EC (1991) Detection of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and latency-associated transcript gene sequences in human herpetic corneas by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:1808–1815

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Santos C (2004) Herpes simplex uveitis. Bol Asoc Med P R 96:71–83

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Schacher S, Garweg JG, Russ C, Bohnke M (1998) [Diagnosis of herpetic uveitis and keratouveitis]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 212:359–362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Schultz G, Chegini N, Grant M, Khaw P, MacKay S (1992) Effects of growth factors on corneal wound healing. Acta Ophthalmol Suppl 202:60–66

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Schwab IR (1988) Oral acyclovir in the management of herpes simplex ocular infections. Ophthalmology 95:423–430

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Schwartz GS, Holland EJ (2000) Oral acyclovir for the management of herpes simplex virus keratitis in children. Ophthalmology 107:278–282

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Sears AE, Roizman B (1990) Amplification by host cell factors of a sequence contained within the herpes simplex virus 1 genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:9441–9444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Shimeld C, Hill T, Blyth B, Easty D (1989) An improved model of recurrent herpetic eye disease in mice. Curr Eye Res 8:1193–1205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Shimeld C, Hill TJ, Blyth WA, Easty DL (1990) Passive immunization protects the mouse eye from damage after herpes simplex virus infection by limiting spread of virus in the nervous system. J Gen Virol 71(3):681–687

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Simon AL, Pavan-Langston D (1996) Long-term oral acyclovir therapy. Effect on recurrent infectious herpes simplex keratitis in patients with and without grafts. Ophthalmology 103:1399–1404

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Smith TJ, Ackland-Berglund CE, Leib DA (2000) Herpes simplex virus virion host shutoff (vhs) activity alters periocular disease in mice. J Virol 74:3598–3604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Sottile J (2004) Regulation of angiogenesis by extracellular matrix. Biochim Biophys Acta 1654:13–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Souza PM, Holland EJ, Huang AJ (2003) Bilateral herpetic keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 110:493–496

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Spear PG (2004) Herpes simplex virus: receptors and ligands for cell entry. Cell Microbiol 6:401–410

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Spencer WH, Hayes TL (1970) Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations of the topographic anatomy of dendritic lesions in the rabbit cornea. Invest Ophthalmol 9:183–195

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Spivack JG, Fraser NW (1988) Expression of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcripts in the trigeminal ganglia of mice during acute infection and reactivation of latent infection. J Virol 62:1479–1485

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Steiner I, Spivack JG, O’Boyle DR, Lavi E, Fraser NW (1988) Latent herpes simplex virus type 1 transcription in human trigeminal ganglia. J Virol 62:3493–3496

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Stevens JG, Wagner EK, vi-Rao GB, Cook ML, Feldman LT (1987) RNA complementary to a herpesvirus alpha gene mRNA is prominent in latently infected neurons. Science 235:1056–1059

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Straus SE, Corey L, Burke RL, Savarese B, Barnum G, Krause PR, Kost RG, Meier JL, Sekulovich R, Adair SF (1994) Placebo-controlled trial of vaccination with recombinant glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 2 for immunotherapy of genital herpes. Lancet 343:1460–1463

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Straus SE, Wald A, Kost RG, McKenzie R, Langenberg AG, Hohman P, Lekstrom J, Cox E, Nakamura M, Sekulovich R, Izu A, Dekker C, Corey L (1997) Immunotherapy of recurrent genital herpes with recombinant herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoproteins D and B: results of a placebo-controlled vaccine trial. J Infect Dis 176:1129–1134

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Streilein JW, Dana MR, Ksander BR (1997) Immunity causing blindness: five different paths to herpes stromal keratitis. Immunol Today 18:443–449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Stumpf TH, Shimeld C, Easty DL, Hill TJ (2001) Cytokine production in a murine model of recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:372–378

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Subhan S, Jose RJ, Duggirala A, Hari R, Krishna P, Reddy S, Sharma S (2004) Diagnosis of herpes simplex virus-1 keratitis: comparison of Giemsa stain, immunofluorescence assay and polymerase chain reaction. Curr Eye Res 29:209–213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Sundmacher R (1983) [Oral acyclovir therapy of virologically proven intraocular herpes simplex virus infections]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 183:246–250

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Tabbara KF, Chavis PS (1998) Herpes simplex anterior uveitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin 38:137–147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Takahashi GH, Leibowitz HM, Kibrick S (1971) Topically applied steroids in active herpes simplex keratitis. Effect in rabbits. Arch Ophthalmol 85:350–354

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Takahashi T, Ohtani S, Miyata K, Miyata N, Shirato S, Mochizuki M (2002) A clinical evaluation of uveitis-associated secondary glaucoma. Jpn J Ophthalmol 46:556–562

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Tanigawa M, Bigger JE, Kanter MY, Atherton SS (2000) Natural killer cells prevent direct anterior-to-posterior spread of herpes simplex virus type 1 in the eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:132–137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Theil D, Derfuss T, Paripovic I, Herberger S, Meinl E, Schueler O, Strupp M, Arbusow V, Brandt T (2003) Latent herpesvirus infection in human trigeminal ganglia causes chronic immune response. Am J Pathol 163:2179–2184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Thomas J, Gangappa S, Kanangat S, Rouse BT (1997) On the essential involvement of neutrophils in the immunopathologic disease: herpetic stromal keratitis. J Immunol 158:1383–1391

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Thygeson P (1976) Historical observations on herpetic keratitis. Surv Ophthalmol 21:82–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Thygeson P, Hogan M (1950) Aureomycin in the treatment of herpes simplex corneae; a preliminary report. Am J Ophthalmol 33:958–960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Tomishima MJ, Enquist LW (2001) A conserved alpha-herpesvirus protein necessary for axonal localization of viral membrane proteins. J Cell Biol 154:741–752

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Tomishima MJ, Smith GA, Enquist LW (2001) Sorting and transport of alpha herpesviruses in axons. Traffic 2:429–436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Tookey P, Peckham CS (1996) Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in the British Isles. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 10:432–442

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Tullo A (2003) Pathogenesis and management of herpes simplex virus keratitis. Eye 17:919–922

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Tullo AB, Easty DL, Hill TJ, Blyth WA (1982) Ocular herpes simplex and the establishment of latent infection. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 102(1):15–18

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Tullo AB, Shimeld C, Blyth WA, Hill TJ, Easty DL (1982) Spread of virus and distribution of latent infection following ocular herpes simplex in the non-immune and immune mouse. J Gen Virol 63(1):95–101

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Tullo AB, Easty DL, Shimeld C, Stirling PE, Darville JM (1985) Isolation of herpes simplex virus from corneal discs of patients with chronic stromal keratitis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 104(2):159–165

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Ulmer JB, Donnelly JJ, Parker SE, Rhodes GH, Felgner PL, Dwarki VJ, Gromkowski SH, Deck RR, DeWitt CM, Friedman A (1993) Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein. Science 259:1745–1749

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Umene K (1998) Genetic variability of herpesviruses. Herpesvirus, genetic variability and recombination. Touka Shobo, Fukuoka, Japan, pp 131–157

    Google Scholar 

  196. Umene K, Sakaoka H (1999) Evolution of herpes simplex virus type 1 under herpesviral evolutionary processes. Arch Virol 144:637–656

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Umene K, Inoue T, Inoue Y, Shimomura Y (2003) Genotyping of herpes simplex virus type 1 strains isolated from ocular materials of patients with herpetic keratitis. J Med Virol 71:75–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Van Der Lelij A, Ooijman FM, Kijlstra A, Rothova A (2000) Anterior uveitis with sectoral iris atrophy in the absence of keratitis: a distinct clinical entity among herpetic eye diseases. Ophthalmology 107:1164–1170

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Van Rooij J, Rijneveld WJ, Remeijer LJ, Beekhuis WH (1995) A retrospective study on the effectiveness of oral acyclovir to prevent herpes simplex recurrence in corneal grafts. Eur J Ophthalmol 5:214–218

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Van Rooij J, Rijneveld WJ, Remeijer L, Volker-Dieben HJ, Eggink CA, Geerards AJ, Mulder PG, Doornenbal P, Beekhuis WH (2003) Effect of oral acyclovir after penetrating keratoplasty for herpetic keratitis: a placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Ophthalmology 110:1916–1919

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Warren KG, Brown SM, Wroblewska Z, Gilden D, Koprowski H, Subak-Sharpe J (1978) Isolation of latent herpes simplex virus from the superior cervical and vagus ganglions of human beings. N Engl J Med 298:1068–1069

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Warren KG, Koprowski H, Lonsdale DM, Brown SM, Subak-Sharpe JH (1979) The polypeptide and the DNA restriction enzyme profiles of spontaneous isolates of herpes simplex virus type 1 from explants of human trigeminal, superior cervical and vagus ganglia. J Gen Virol 43:151–171

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Whitley RJ (1990) Herpes simplex virus. In: Remington JS (ed) Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 282–305

    Google Scholar 

  204. Whitley RJ, Nahmias AJ, Visintine AM, Fleming CL, Alford CA (1980) The natural history of herpes simplex virus infection of mother and newborn. Pediatrics 66:489–494

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Wilhelmus KR (1987) Diagnosis and management of herpes simplex stromal keratitis. Cornea 6:286–291

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Wilhelmus KR, Coster DJ, Donovan HC, Falcon MG, Jones BR (1981) Prognosis indicators of herpetic keratitis. Analysis of a five-year observation period after corneal ulceration. Arch Ophthalmol 99:1578–1582

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Wilhelmus KR, Falcon MG, Jones BR (1981) Bilateral herpetic keratitis. Br J Ophthalmol 65:385–387

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Wilhelmus KR, Gee L, Hauck WW, Kurinij N, Dawson CR, Jones DB, Barron BA, Kaufman HE, Sugar J, Hyndiuk RA (1994) Herpetic Eye Disease Study. A controlled trial of topical corticosteroids for herpes simplex stromal keratitis. Ophthalmology 101:1883–1895

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Wishart MS, Darougar S, Viswalingam ND (1987) Recurrent herpes simplex virus ocular infection: epidemiological and clinical features. Br J Ophthalmol 71:669–672

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Yamamoto S, Pavan-Langston D, Tada R, Yamamoto R, Kinoshita S, Nishida K, Shimomura Y, Tano Y (1995) Possible role of herpes simplex virus in the origin of Posner-Schlossman syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 119:796–798

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Yang YN, Bauer D, Wasmuth S, Steuhl KP, Heiligenhaus A (2003) Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and 9) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP-1 and 2) during the course of experimental necrotizing herpetic keratitis. Exp Eye Res 77:227–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Zhao ZS, Granucci F, Yeh L, Schaffer PA, Cantor H (1998) Molecular mimicry by herpes simplex virus-type 1: autoimmune disease after viral infection. Science 279:1344–1347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Zheng M, Deshpande S, Lee S, Ferrara N, Rouse BT (2001) Contribution of vascular endothelial growth factor in the neovascularization process during the pathogenesis of herpetic stromal keratitis. J Virol 75:9828–9835

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Zheng M, Schwarz MA, Lee S, Kumaraguru U, Rouse BT (2001) Control of stromal keratitis by inhibition of neovascularization. Am J Pathol 159:1021–1029

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metabolic and Cellular Medicine, Unit of Ophthalmology, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, L69 3GA, Liverpool , UK

    Anshoo Choudhary

  2. St. Paul’s Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, L7 8XP, Liverpool, UK

    Gareth T. Higgins

  3. St. Paul’s Eye Unit/Department of Medical Microbiology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, L7 8XP, Liverpool , UK

    Stephen B. Kaye

Authors
  1. Anshoo Choudhary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gareth T. Higgins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Stephen B. Kaye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Thomas Reinhard Frank Larkin

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Choudhary, A., Higgins, G., Kaye, S. (2008). Herpes Simplex Keratitis and Related Syndromes. In: Reinhard, T., Larkin, F. (eds) Cornea and External Eye Disease. Essentials in Ophthalmology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33681-5_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33681-5_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-33680-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-33681-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation