Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diagnostic Procedures

  • Chapter
Pediatric Uroradiology

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

Abstract

In the introduction of his course on Pediatric Uroradiology at Harvard Medical School, Prof. Robert L. Lebowitz, MD, cited the following sentence by L.L. Weed: “Just as important as doing the thing right is doing the right thing.” This seems an excellent opening to this chapter about technique. As a matter of fact, many techniques compete today in the field of pediatric uroradiology, and we radiologists should be familiar with all of them. Indications, limitations, and of course interpretation should be within the field of our expertise. Overall, radiologists involved in this field should be familiar with the anatomy of the normal and malformed urinary tract, urinary symptoms in children, and the principles of medical and surgical treatment. Of course, radiologists should also be able to interpret biological data such as urinary culture and blood studies. At least, even if one does not practice any kind of examination, one should know the indications for it and the risks and stresses involved.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson NG, Wright S, Abbott GD, Wells JE, Mogridge N (2003) Fetal renal pelvic dilatation: poor predictor of familial vesico-ureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol 18:902–905

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atala A, Wible JH, Share JC et al (1993) Sonography with sonicated albumin in the detection of vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 150:756–758

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avni EF, Van Gansbeke D, Neuenschwander S, Schulman C (1994) The urinary tract. In: Carty H, Brunelle F, Shaw D, Kendall B (eds) Imaging children. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 562–586

    Google Scholar 

  • Avni EF, Hall M, Schulman CC (1998) Congenital uronephropathies: is routine voiding cystourethrography always warranted? Clin Radiol 53:247–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartram U, Darge K (2005) Harmonic versus conventional ultrasound imaging of the urinary tract in children. Pediatr Radiol 35:655–660

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg UB, Johansson SB (1982) Age as a main determinant of renal functional damage in urinary tract infection. Arch Dis Child 58:963–969

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger RM, Maizels M, Moran GC et al (1983) Bladder capacity (ounces) equals age plus 2 predicts normal bladder capacity and aids in diagnosis of abnormal voiding patterns. J Urol 129:347–349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bis KG, Slovis TL (1990) Accuracy of ultrasonic bladder volume measurement in children. Pediatr Radiol 20:457–460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blais C, Sanson L (1995) The radiologic report: a realistic approach. Can Assoc Radiol J 46:19–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borthne A, Nordshus T, Reiseter T et al (1999) MR urography: the future gold standard in paediatric urogenital imaging? Pediatr Radiol 29:694–701

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cordoliani JS, Hazebroucq V, Sarrazin JL (1999) Irradiation et bonnes pratiques en tomodensitométrie hélicoïdale. J Radiol 80:903–911

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Currarino G, Wood B, Majd M (1993) The genitourinary tract and retroperitoneum. In: Silverman FN, Kuhn JP (eds) Caffey’s pediatric X-ray diagnosis, 9th edn. Mosby, St Louis, pp 1145–1172

    Google Scholar 

  • Dacher JN, Mandell J, Lebowitz RL (1992) Urinary tract infection in neonates in spite of prenatal diagnosis of hydronephrosis. Pediatr Radiol 22:401–405

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dacher JN, Pfister C, Monroc M, Eurin D, Le Dosseur P (1996) Power Doppler sonographic pattern of acute pyelonephritis in children. AJR 166:1451–1455

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dacher JN, Pfister C, Thoumas D et al (1999) Shortcomings of diuresis scintigraphy in evaluating urinary obstruction: comparison with pressure flow studies. Pediatr Radiol 29:742–747

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalla Palma L, Pozzi-Mucelli F, Pozzi-Mucelli RS (1995) Delayed CT findings in acute renal infection. Clin Radiol 50:364–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darge K, Troeger J, Duetting T et al (1999) Reflux in young patients: comparison of voiding US of the bladder and retrovesical space with echo enhancement versus voiding cystourethrography for diagnosis. Radiology 210:201–207

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Filiatrault D, Garel L (1995) Commentary: pediatric blunt abdominal trauma. To sound or not to sound? Pediatr Radiol 25:329–331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fotter R, Kopp W, Klein E et al (1986) Unstable bladder in children: functional evaluation by modified voiding cystourethrography. Radiology 161:811–813

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garel L, Dubois J, Robitaille P et al (1995) Renovascular hypertension in children: curability predicted with negative intrarenal Doppler results. Radiology 195:401–405

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelfand MJ, Koch BL, Elgazzar AH et al (1999) Cyclic cystography: diagnostic yield in selected pediatric populations. Radiology 213:118–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hitzel A, Liard A, Vera P, Manrique A, Menard JF, Dacher JN (2002) Color and Power Doppler sonography versus DMSA scintigraphy in acute pyelonephritis and in prediction of renal scarring. J Nucl Med 43:27–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoberman A, Charron M, Hickey RW, Baskin M, Kearney DH, Wald ER (2003) Imaging studies after a first febrile urinary tract infection in young children. N Engl J Med 348:195–202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishikawa I, Saito Y, Onouchi Z et al (1985) Delayed contrast enhancement in acute focal bacterial nephritis: CT features. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9:894–897

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ismaili K, Avni FE, Martin Wissing K, Hall M (2004) Longterm clinical outcome of infants with mild to moderate fetal pyelectasis: validation of neonatal ultrasound as a screening tool to detect significant nephrouropathies. J Pediatr 144:759–765

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jéquier S, Jéquier JC (1989) Reliability of voiding cystourethrography to detect reflux. AJR 153:807–810

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katayama H, Yamaguchi K, Kozuka T et al (1990) Adverse reactions to ionic and nonionic contrast media. A report from the Japanese Committee on the Safety of Contrast Media. Radiology 175:621–628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman PK, Diamond DA, Karellas A et al (1994) Tailored low-dose fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrography for the reevaluation of vesicoureteral reflux in girls. Am J Roentgenol 162:1151–1154, discussion 1155–1156

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koff SA (1983) Estimating bladder capacity in children. Urology 21:248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laplante S, Patriquin HB, Robitaille P et al (1993) Renal vein thrombosis in children: evidence of early flow recovery with Doppler US. Radiology 189:37–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebowitz RL (1985) International system of radiographic grading of vesicoureteric reflux. International reflux study in children. Pediatr Radiol 15:105–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebowitz RL (1992) The detection and characterization of vesicoureteral reflux in the child. J Urol 148:1640–1642

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leung VY, Chu WC, Yeung C, Metreweli C (2007) Gender difference in achieving rate of maturity of the vesicoureteric junction. Pediatr Radiol 37:189–193

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayor B, Gudinchet F, Wicky S (1995) Imaging evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma in children: diagnostic accuracy of intravenous pyelography and ultrasonography. Pediatr Radiol 25:214–218

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morin D, Veyrac C, Kotzki PO et al (1999) Comparison of ultrasound and DMSA scintigraphy changes in acute pyelonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 13:219–222

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moorthy I, Joshi N, Cook JV, Warren M (2003) Antenatal hydronephrosis negative predictive value of normal postnatal ultrasound: a 5-year study. Clin Radiol 58:964–970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paltiel HJ, Rupich RC, Kiruluta HG (1992) Enhanced detection of vesicoureteral reflux in infants and children with use of cyclic voiding cystourethrography. Radiology 184:753–755

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phan V, Traubici J, Hershenfield B, Stephens D, Rosenblum ND, Geary D (2003) Vesicoureteral reflux in infants with isolated antenatal hydronephrosis. Pediatr Nephrol 18:1224–1228

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patriquin H, O’Regan S, Robitaille P, Paltiel H (1989) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome: intrarenal arterial Doppler patterns as a useful guide for therapy. Radiology 172:625–628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfister C, Dacher JN, Gaucher S et al (1999) The usefulness of minimal urodynamic evaluation and pelvic floor biofeedback in children with chronic voiding dysfunction. Br J Urol 84:1054–1057

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Avni FE, Blickman JG, Darge K, Dacher JN, Lobo LM, Willi U (2007) Imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology: Minutes of the ESPR workgroup session on urinary tract infection, fetal hydronephrosis, urinary tract ultrasonography and voiding cysto-urethrography. ESPR-Meeting, Barcelona/Spain, June 2007. ESUR Paediatric guideline subcommittee and ESPR paediatric uroradiology work group. Pediatr Radiol, in press, DOI: 10.1007/s00247-007-0695-7

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheck RJ, Coppenrath EM, Kellner MW et al (1998) Radiation dose and image quality in spiral computed tomography: multicentre evaluation at six institutions. Br J Radiol 71:734–744

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmit P, Sfez M (1997) Prise en charge des manifestations anxieuses et douloureuses en uroradiologie pédiatrique. J Radiol 78:367–372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel MJ (1995) Urinary tract. In: Siegel MJ (ed) Pediatric sonography, 2nd edn. Raven Press, New York, pp 357–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel MJ (1999) The kidney. In: Siegel MJ (ed) Pediatric body CT. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 226–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Teele RL, Share JC (1997) Transperineal sonography in children. AJR 168:1263–1267

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vade A, Demos TC, Olson MC et al (1996) Evaluation of image quality using 1:1 pitch and 1.5:1 pitch in helical CT in children: a comparative study. Pediatr Radiol 26:891–893

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willi UV, Treves S (1983) Radionuclide voiding cystogram. Urol Radiol 5:161–174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zerin JM, Ritchey ML, Chang ACH (1993) Incidental vesicoureteral reflux in neonates with antenatally detected hydronephrosis and other renal abnormalities. Radiology 187:157–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  • Anderson PA, Rickwood AM (1991) Features of primary vesicoureteric reflux detected by prenatal sonography. Br J Urol 67:267–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avni EF, Bali MA, Regnault M, Damry N, Degroot F, Metens T, Matos C (2002) MR urography in children. Eur J Radiol 43:154–166

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avni FE, Nicaise N, Hall M, Janssens F, Collier F, Matos C, Metens T (2001) The role of MR imaging for the assessment of complicated duplex kidneys in children: preliminary report. Pediatr Radiol 31:215–223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker J, Olree M, Kaatee R, de Lange EE, Moons KG, Beutler JJ et al (1999) Renal volume measurements: accuracy and repeatability of US compared with that of MR imaging. Radiology 211:623–628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borthne A, Nordshus T, Reiseter T, Geitung JT, Gjesdal KI, Babovic A, Bjerre A, Loe B (1999) MR urography: the future gold standard in paediatric urogenital imaging? Pediatr Radiol 29:694–701

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borthne A, Pierre-Jerome C, Nordshus T, Reiseter T (2000) MR Urography in children: current status and future development. Eur Radiol 10:503–511

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown SC, Upsdell SM, O’Reilly PH (1992) The importance of renal function in the interpretation of diuresis renography. Br J Urol 69: 121–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camacho V, Estorch M, Fraga G, Mena E, Fuertes J, Hernandez MA, Flotats A, Carrio I (2004) DMSA study performed during febrile urinary tract infection: a predictor of patient outcome? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31:862–866

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chertin B, Pollack A, Koulikov D, Rabinowitz R, Hain D, Hadas-Halpren I, Farkas A (2006) Conservative treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children with antenatal diagnosis of hydronephrosis: lessons learned after 16 years of follow-up. Eur Urol 49:734–738; discussion 739

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Csaicsich D, Greenbaum LA, Aufricht C (2004) Upper urinary tract: when is obstruction obstruction? Curr Opin Urol 14:213–217

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elder JS, Stansbrey R, Dahms BB, Selzman AA (1995) Renal histological changes secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction. J Urol 154, Pt 2:719–722

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eskild-Jensen A, Gordon I, Piepsz A, Frokiaer J (2005) Congenital unilateral hydronephrosis: a review of the impact of diuretic renography on clinical treatment. J Urol 173:1471–1476

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glassberg KI, Stephens FD, Lebowitz RL, Braren V, Duckett JW, Jacobs EC, King LR, Perlmutter AD (1987) Renal dysgenesis and cystic disease of the kidney: a report of the Committee on Terminology, Nomenclature and Classification, Section on Urology, American Academy of Pediatrics. J Urol 138, Pt 2:1085–1092

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grattan-Smith JD, Jones RA (2006) MR urography in children. Pediatr Radiol

    Google Scholar 

  • Grattan-Smith, JD, Perez-Bayfield MR, Jones RA, Little S, Broecker B, Smith EA, Scherz HC, Kirsch AJ (2003) MR imaging of kidneys: functional evaluation using F-15 perfusion imaging. Pediatr Radiol 33:293–304

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hackstein N, Heckrodt J, Rau WS (2003) Measurement of single-kidney glomerular filtration rate using a contrast-enhanced dynamic gradient-echo sequence and the Rutland-Patlak plot technique. J Magn Reson Imaging 18:714–725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heuer R, Sommer G, Shortliffe LD (2003) Evaluation of renal growth by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography volumes. J Urol 170, Pt 2:1659–1663; discussion 1663

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, AJ, Lee VS, Rusinek H (2004) Functional renal MR imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 12:469–486, vi

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang WY, Peters CA, Zurakowski D, Borer JG, Diamond DA, Bauer SB, McLellan DL, Rosen S (2006) Renal biopsy in congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction: evidence for parenchymal maldevelopment. Kidney Int 69:137–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ichikawa I, Kuwayama F, Pope JC 4th, Stephens FD, Miyazaki Y (2002) Paradigm shift from classic anatomic theories to contemporary cell biological views of cakut. Kidney Int 61: 889–898

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RA, Easley K, Little SB, Scherz H, Kirsch AJ, Grattan-Smith JD (2005) Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR urography in the evaluation of pediatric hydronephrosis: part 1, functional assessment. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185:1598–1607

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RA, Perez-Brayfield MR, Kirsch AJ, Grattan-Smith JD (2004) Renal transit time With MR urography in children. Radiology 233:41–50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kavanagh EC, Ryan S, Awan A, McCourbrey S, O’Connor R, Donoghue V (2005) Can MRI replace DMSA in the detection of renal parenchymal defects in children with urinary tract infections? Pediatr Radiol 35:275–281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirsch AJ, McMann LP, Jones RA, Smith EA, Scherz HC, Grattan-Smith JD (2006) Magnetic resonance urography for evaluating outcomes after pediatric pyeloplasty. J Urol 176, Pt 2:1755–1761

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klahr S (2001) Urinary tract obstruction. Semin Nephrol 21:133–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee VS, Rusinek H, Noz ME, Lee P, Raghavan M, Kramer EL (2003) Dynamic three-dimensional MR renography for the measurement of single kidney function: initial experience. Radiology 227:289–294

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lonergan GJ, Pennington DJ, Morrison JC, Haws RM, Grimley MS, Kao TC (1998) Childhood pyelonephritis: comparison of gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging and renal cortical scintigraphy for diagnosis. Radiology 207:377–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackie GG, Stephens FD (1975) Duplex kidneys: a correlation of renal dysplasia with position of the ureteral orifice. J Urol 114:274–280

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDaniel BB, Jones RA, Scherz H, Kirsch AJ, Little SB, Grattan-Smith JD (2005) Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR urography in the evaluation of pediatric hydronephrosis: part 2, anatomic and functional assessment of uteropelvic junction obstruction. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185:1608–1614

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Najmaldin A, Burge DM, Atwell JD (1990) Reflux nephropathy secondary to intrauterine vesicoureteric reflux. J Pediatr Surg 25:387–390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nolte-Ernsting CC, Adam GB, Gunther RW (2001) MR urography: examination techniques and clinical applications. Eur Radiol 11:355–372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly PH (2002) Obstructive uropathy. Q J Nucl Med 46:295–303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual L, Oliva J, Vega-P J, Principi I, Valles P (1998) Renal histology in ureteropelvic junction obstruction: are histological changes a consequence of hyperfiltration? J Urol 160, Pt 2:976; discussion 994

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patlak CS, Blasberg RG, Fenstermacher JD (1983) Graphical evaluation of blood-to-brain transfer constants from multiple-time uptake data. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3:1–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pennington DJ, Lonergan GJ, Flack CE, Waguespack RL, Jackson CB (1996) Experimental pyelonephritis in piglets: diagnosis with MR imaging. Radiology 201:199–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Brayfield MR, Kirsch AJ, Jones RA, Grattan-Smith JD (2003) A prospective study comparing ultrasound, nuclear scintigraphy and dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of hydronephrosis. J Urol 170, Pt 1: 1330–1334

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters CA (1995) Urinary tract obstruction in children. J Urol 154:1874–1883; discussion 1883–1884

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polito C, La Manna A, Rambaldi PF, Nappi B, Mansi L, Di Toro R (2000) High incidence of a generally small kidney and primary vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 164:479–482

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pope JC 4th, Brock JW 3rd, Adams MC, Stephens FD, Ichikawa I (1999) How they begin and how they end: classic and new theories for the development and deterioration of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, cakut. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:2018–2028

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M (2004) Pediatric MRU-Its potential and its role in the diagnostic work-up of upper urinary tract dilatation in infants and children. World J Urol 22:79–87

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Riccabona M, Koen M, Beckers G, Schindler M, Heinisch M, Maier C, Langsteger W, Lusuardi L (2004) Magnetic resonance urography: a new gold standard for the evaluation of solitary kidneys and renal buds? J Urol 171:1642–1646

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Ruppert-Kohlmayr A, Ring E, Maier C, Lusuardi L, Riccabona M (2004) Potential impact of pediatric MR urography on the imaging algorithm in patients with a functional single kidney. AJR Am J Roentgenol 183:795–800

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Risdon RA (1993) The small scarred kidney in childhood. Pediatr Nephrol 7:361–364

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rohrschneider WK, Hoffend J, Becker K, Clorius JH, Darge K, Kooijman H, Troger J (2000) Combined static-dynamic MR urography for the simultaneous evaluation of morphology and function in urinary tract obstruction. I. Evaluation of the normal status in an animal model. Pediatr Radiol 30: 511–522

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rohrschneider WK, Becker K, Hoffend J, Clorius JH, Darge K, Kooijman H, Troger J (2000) Combined static-dynamic MR urography for the simultaneous evaluation of morphology and function in urinary tract obstruction. II. Findings in experimentally induced ureteric stenosis. Pediatr Radiol 30:523–532

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rohrschneider WK, Haufe S, Wiesel M, Tonshoff B, Wunsch R, Darge K, Clorius JH, Troger J (2002) Functional and morphologic evaluation of congenital urinary tract dilatation by using combined static-dynamic MR urography: findings in kidneys with a single collecting system. Radiology 224:683–694

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rohrschneider WK, Haufe S, Clorius JH, Troger J (2003) MR to assess renal function in children. Eur Radiol 13:1033–1045

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rooks VJ, Lebowitz RL (2001) Extrinsic ureteropelvic junction obstruction from a crossing renal vessel: demography and imaging. Pediatr Radiol 31:120–124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rusinek H, Lee VS, Johnson G (2001) Optimal dose of Gd-DTPA in dynamic MR studies. Magn Reson Med 46:312–316

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutland MD (1979) A single injection technique for subtraction of blood background in 131I-hippuran renograms. Br J Radiol 52:134–137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith BG, Metwalli AR, Leach J, Cheng EY, Kropp BP (2004) Congenital midureteral stricture in children diagnosed with antenatal hydronephrosis. Urology 64: 1014–1019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stock JA, Wilson D, Hanna MK (1998) Congenital reflux nephropathy and severe unilateral fetal reflux. J Urol 160, Pt 2:1017–1018

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor J, Summers PE, Keevil SF, Saks AM, Diskin J, Hilton PJ, Ayers AB (197) Magnetic resonance renography: optimisation of pulse sequence parameters and gd-dtpa dose, and comparison with radionuclide renography. Magn Reson Imaging 15:637–649

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teh HS, Ang ES, Wong WC, Tan SB, Tan AG, Chng SM, Lin MB, Goh JS (2003) MR renography using a dynamic gradient-echo sequence and low-dose gadopentetate dimeglumine as an alternative to radionuclide renography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 181:441–450

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng MH, Lin WJ, Lo WT, Wang SR, Chu ML, Wang CC (2007) Does a normal DMSA obviate the performance of voiding cystourethrography in evaluation of young children after their first urinary tract infection? J Pediatr 150:96–99

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Dool SW, Wasser MN, de Fijter JW, Hoekstra J, van der Geest RJ (2005) Functional renal volume: quantitative analysis at gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography-feasibility study in healthy potential kidney donors. Radiology 236:189–195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiser AC, Amukele SA, Leonidas JC, Palmer LS (2003) The role of gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for children with suspected acute pyelonephritis. J Urol 169:2308–2311

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wen JG, Frokiaer J, Jorgensen TM, Djurhuus JC (1999) Obstructive nephropathy: an update of the experimental research. Urol Res 27:29–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung CK, Godley ML, Dhillon HK, Gordon I, Duffy PG, Ransley PG (1997) The characteristics of primary vesicoureteric reflux in male and female infants with pre-natal hydronephrosis. Br J Urol 80: 319–327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  • Anderson PJ, Rangarjan V, Gordon I (1997) Assessment of drainage in PUJ dilatation: pelvic excretion efficiency as an index of renal function. Nucl Med Commun 18:823–826

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canivet E, Wampach H, Brandt B et al (1997) Assessment of radioisotopic micturating cystography for the diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux in renal transplant recipients with acute pyelonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:67–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaiwatanarat T, Padhy AK, Bomanji JB et al (1993) Validation of renal output efficiency as an objective quantitative parameter in the evaluation of upper urinary tract obstruction. J Nucl Med 34:845–848

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dinneen MD, Duffy PG, Lythgoe MF et al (1994) Mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG 3) renography and indirect radionuclide cystography in posterior urethral valves. Br J Urol 74:785–789

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godley ML, Ransley PG, Parkhouse HF et al (1990) Quantitation of vesico-ureteral reflux by radionuclide cystography and urodynamics. Pediatr Nephrol Sep 4:485–490

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon I, Mialdea Fernandez RM, Peters AM (1988) Pelviuretic junction obstruction: the value of post micturition view in Tc-99m DTPA diuretic renography. Br J Urol 61:409–412

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuzmanovska D, Tasic V, Sahpazova E (1996) Detection of vesicoureteral reflux with radionuclide cystography. Srp Arh Celok Lek 124[Suppl 1]:78–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandell GA, Eggli DF, Gilday DL et al (1997a) Procedure guideline for renal cortical scintigraphy in children. J Nucl Med 38:1644–1646

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandell GA, Eggli DF, Gilday DL et al (1997b) Procedure guideline for radionuclide cystography in children. Society of Nuclear Medicine. J Nucl Med 38:1650–1654

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piepsz A, Hahn K, Roca I et al (1990) A radiopharmaceutical schedule for imaging in paediatrics. Eur J Nucl Med 17:127–129

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piepsz A, Arnello F, Tondeur M et al (1998) Diuretic renography in children. J Nucl Med 39:2015–2016

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piepsz A, Blaufox MD, Gordon I et al (1999) Consensus on renal cortical scintigraphy in children with urinary tract infection. Semin Nucl Med 2:160–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piepsz A, Tondeur M, Ham H (2000) NORA: a simple and reliable parameter for estimating renal output with or without furosemide challenge. Nucl Med Commun 21:317–323

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prigent A, Cosgriff P et al (1999) Consensus report on quality control of quantitative measurements of renal function obtained from renogram. International Consensus Committee from the Scientific Committee of Radionuclides in Nephrourology. Semin Nucl Med 29:146–159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossleigh M, Leighton DM, Farnsworth RH (1993) Diuresis renography. The need for an additional view after gravity-assisted drainage. Clin Nucl Med 18:210–213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutland MD (1985) A comprehensive analysis of renal DTPA studies. I. Theory and normal values. Nucl Med Commun 6:11–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith T, Gordon I (1998) An update of radiopharmaceutical schedules in children. Nucl Med Commun 19:1023–1036

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stabin MG, Gelfand MJ (1998) Dosimetry of pediatric nuclear medicine procedures. Q J Nucl Med 42:93–112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundaraiya S, Mendichovszky I, Biassoni L, Sebire N, Trompeter RS, Gordon I (2007) Tc-99m DTPA renography in children following renal transplantation: its value in the evaluation of rejection. Pediatr Transplant 11:771–776

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor A Jr, Nally J, Aurell M et al (1996) Consensus report on ACE inhibitor renography for detecting renovascular hypertension. J Nucl Med 37:1876–1882

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Treves ST, Zurakowski D, Bauer SB et al (1996) Functional bladder capacity measured during radionuclide cystography in children. Radiology 198:269–272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van der Vis Melsen MJE, Baert RJM, Rajnherc JR (1989) Scintigraphic assessment of lower urinary tract function in children with and without outflow obstruction. Br J Urol 64:263–269

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

References

  • Bates CP, Whiteside CG, Turner-Warwick RT (1970) Synchronous cine pressure flow cysto-urethrography, with special reference to stress and urge incontinence. Br J Urol 42:714–722

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enhornig G, Miller ER, Hinman F Jr (1964) Urethral closure studied with cineroentgenography and simultaneous bladder-urethra pressure recording. Surg Gynecol Obstet 118:507–511

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinman F Jr (1979) Earl R Miller: an appreciation. Urol Clin North Am 6:3–6

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Rouen, 1, Rue de Germont, 76031, Rouen, France

    Jean-Nicolas Dacher MD, PhD (Professor)

  2. Department of Radiology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1001 Johnson Ferry Road, Atlanta, GA, 30342, USA

    J. Damien Grattan-Smith MBBS & Richard A. Jones PhD

  3. Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30342, USA

    J. Damien Grattan-Smith MBBS & Richard A. Jones PhD

  4. Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK

    Isky Gordon FRCP, FRCR, FRCPaed (Professor of Paediatric Imaging and Honorary Consultant Radiologist)

  5. Child Health Consultant Radiologist, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, UK

    Isky Gordon FRCP, FRCR, FRCPaed (Professor of Paediatric Imaging and Honorary Consultant Radiologist)

  6. Division of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 34, 8036, Graz, Austria

    Richard Fotter MD (Professor and Chairman, Department of Radiology, Head)

Authors
  1. Jean-Nicolas Dacher MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Damien Grattan-Smith MBBS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Richard A. Jones PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Isky Gordon FRCP, FRCR, FRCPaed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Richard Fotter MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology Head of Division of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 34, 8036, Graz, Austria

    Richard Fotter MD (Professor and Chairman) (Professor and Chairman)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dacher, JN., Grattan-Smith, J.D., Jones, R.A., Gordon, I., Fotter, R. (2008). Diagnostic Procedures. In: Fotter, R. (eds) Pediatric Uroradiology. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33005-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33005-9_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-33004-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-33005-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation