Abstract
In this paper we present algorithms for the automatic time-synchronization of score-, MIDI- or PCM-data streams which represent the same polyphonic piano piece. In contrast to related approaches, we compute the actual alignment by using note parameters such as onset times and pitches. Working in a score-like domain has advantages in view of the efficiency and accuracy: due to the expressiveness of score-like parameters only a small number of such features is sufficient to solve the synchronization task. To obtain a score-like representation from the waveform-based PCM-data streams we use a preprocessing step to extract note parameters. In this we use the concept of novelty curves for onset detection and multirate filter banks in combination with note templates for pitch extraction. Also the data streams in MIDI- and score-format have to be suitably preprocessed. In particular, we suggest a data format which handles possible ambiguities such as trills or arpeggios by introducing the concept of fuzzy-notes. Further decisive ingredients of our approach are carefully designed cost functions in combination with an appropriate notion of alignment which is more flexible than the classical DTW concept. Our synchronization algorithms have been tested on a variety of classical polyphonic piano pieces recorded on MIDI- and standard acoustic pianos or taken from CD-recordings.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arifi, V.: Algorithmen zur Synchronisation von Musikdaten im Paritur-, MIDI- und PCM-Format. PhD thesis, Universität Bonn, Institut für Informatik (2002), http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de:90/ulb_bonn/dis_sonline/math_nat_fak/2002/arifivlora
Bobrek, M., Koch, D.: Music Signal Segmentation Using Tree-Structured Filter Banks. Journal of Audio Engineering Society 46(5) (May 1998)
Dannenberg, R.B.: An On-Line Algorithm for Real-Time Accompaniment. In: Proceedings of ICMC (1984)
Dannenberg, R.B., Mukaino, H.: New Techniques for Enhanced Quality of Computer Accompaniment. In: Proceedings of ICMC (1988)
Desain, P., Honing, H., Heijink, H.: Robust Score-Performance Matching: Taking Advantage of Structural Information. In: ICMC Proceedings 1997, pp. 377–340 (1997)
Foote, J.: Automatic Audio Segmentation Using a Measure of Audio Novelity. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo., vol. I, pp. 452–455 (2000)
Foster, S., Schloss, W.A., Rockmore, A.J.: Towards an Intelligent Editor of Digital Audio: Signal Processing Methods Computer Music Journal 6(1) (spring 1982)
Kurth, F.: A Matlab Toolbox for Handling Standard MIDI files, Department of Computer Science III, Bonn University, Germany (2003), http://www-mmdb.iai.uni-bonn.de/download/miditools/
Large, E.W.: Dynamic programming for the analysis of serial behaviours. Behaviour Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers (1993)
Klapuri, A., Virtanen, T., Holm, J.: Robust Multipitch Estimation for the Analysis and Manipulation of Polyphonic Musical Signals. In: Proc. COST-G6 Conference of Digital Audio Effects, DAFx 2000, Verona, Italy (2000)
Mazzola, G.: The Topos of Music. Birkhäuser verlag, Basel (2002)
Orio, N., Lemouton, S., Schwarz, D.: Score Following: State of the Art and New Developments. In: Proc. of the Conference of New Interfaces for Musical Expression NIME, Montreal (2003)
Rabiner, L.R., Juang, B.-H.: Fundamentals of Speech Recognition. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1993)
Raphael, C.: Automatic Segmentation of Acoustic Musical Signals Using Hidden Markov Models. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 21(4) (April 1999)
Raphael, C.: Automatic Transcription of Piano Music. In: ISMIR 2002, IRCAM, Conference Proceedings, Paris (2002)
Scheirer, E.D.: Extracting Expressive Performance Information from Recorded Music. Unpublished M. S. thesis, MIT Media Laboratory (1995), http://web.media.mit.edu/eds/thesis.pdf
Soulez, F., Rodet, X., Schwarz, D.: Improving polyphonic and poly-instrumental music to score alignment. In: International Conference on Music Information Retrieval, Baltimore (2003)
Turetsky, R.J., Ellis, D.P.: Force-Aligning MIDI Syntheses for Polyphonic Music Transcription Generation. In: International Conference on Music Information Retrieval, Baltimore, USA (2003)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Arifi, V., Clausen, M., Kurth, F., Müller, M. (2005). Score-PCM Music Synchronization Based on Extracted Score Parameters. In: Wiil, U.K. (eds) Computer Music Modeling and Retrieval. CMMR 2004. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3310. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31807-1_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31807-1_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-24458-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-31807-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)