Abstract
Gaze detection is to locate the position (on a monitor) where a user is looking. Previous researches use one wide view camera, which can capture a whole user’s face. However, the image resolution is too low with such a camera and the fine movements of user’s eye cannot be exactly detected. So, we propose the new gaze detection system with dual cameras (a wide and a narrow view camera). In order to locate the user’s eye position accurately, the narrow-view camera has the functionalities of auto focusing/panning/tilting based on the detected 3D eye positions from the wide view camera. In addition, we use the IR-LED illuminators for wide and narrow view camera, which can ease the detecting of facial features, pupil and iris position. To overcome the problem of specular reflection on glasses by illuminator, we use dual IR-LED illuminators for wide and narrow view camera and detect the accurate eye position, which is not hidden by the specular reflection. Experimental results show that the gaze detection error between the computed positions and the real ones is about 2.89 cm of RMS error.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Wang, J., Sung, E.: Study on Eye Gaze Estimation. IEEE Transactions on System, Man and Cybernatics 32(3), 332–350 (2002)
Azarbayejani, A.: Visually Controlled Graphics. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(6), 602–605 (1993)
Park, K.R., et al.: Gaze Point Detection by Computing the 3D Positions and 3D Motions of Face. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E.83-D(4), 884–894 (2000)
Park, K.R., et al.: Gaze Detection by Estimating the Depth and 3D Motions of Facial Features in Monocular Images. IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals E.82-A(10), 2274–2284 (1999)
Ohmura, K., et al.: Pointing Operation Using Detection of Face Direction from a Single View. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems J72-DII(9), 1441–1447 (1989)
Ballard, P., et al.: Controlling a Computer via Facial Aspect. IEEE Transactions on System, Man and Cybernatics 25(4), 669–677 (1995)
Gee, A., et al.: Fast visual tracking by temporal consensus. Image and Vision Computing. 14, 105–114 (1996)
Heinzmann, J., et al.: 3D Facial Pose and Gaze Point Estimation using a Robust Real-Time Tracking Paradigm. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 142–147 (1998)
Rikert, T.: Gaze Estimation using Morphable Models. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 436–441 (1998)
Ali-A-L, A., et al.: Man-machine Interface through Eyeball Direction of Gaze. In: Proceedings of the Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, pp. 478–482 (1997)
Tomono, A., et al.: Eye Tracking Method Using an Image Pickup Apparatus. European Patent Specification-94101635 (1994)
Eyemark Recorder Model EMR-NC, NAC Image Technology Cooperation
Porrill, J., et al.: Robust and Optimal Use of Information in Stereo Vision. Nature 397(6714), 63–66 (1999)
Varchmin, A.C., et al.: Image based Recognition of Gaze Direction Using Adaptive Methods. Gesture and Sign Language in Human-Computer Interaction. In: Proceedings of International Gesture Workshop, Berlin, Germany, pp. 245–257 (1998)
Heinzmann, J., et al.: Robust Real-time Face Tracking and Gesture Recognition. In: Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 2, pp. 1525–1530 (1997)
Matsumoto, Y., et al.: An Algorithm for Real-time Stereo Vision Implementation of Head Pose and Gaze Direction Measurement. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 499–504 (2000)
Newman, R., et al.: Real-time Stereo Tracking for Head Pose and Gaze Estimation. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 122–128 (2000)
Betke, M., et al.: Gaze Detection via Self-organizing Gray-scale Units. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Recognition, Analysis and Tracking of Faces and Gestures in Real-Time System, pp. 70–76 (1999)
Park, K.R., et al.: Intelligent Process Control via Gaze Detection Technology. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 13(5), 577–587 (2000)
Park, K.R., et al.: Gaze Position Detection by Computing the 3 Dimensional Facial Positions and Motions. Pattern Recognition 35(11), 2559–2569 (2002)
Park, K.R., et al.: Facial and Eye Gaze detection. In: Bülthoff, H.H., Lee, S.-W., Poggio, T.A., Wallraven, C. (eds.) BMCV 2002. LNCS, vol. 2525, pp. 368–376. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Yang, J., Waibel, A.: A Real-time Face Tracker. In: Proceedings of Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision, pp. 142–147 (1996)
Matsumoto, Y.: An Algorithm for Real-time Stereo Vision Implementation of Head Pose and Gaze Direction Measurement. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 499–505 (2000)
Wolfe, B., Eichmann, D.: A Neural Network Approach to Tracking Eye Position. International Journal of Human Computer Interaction 9(1), 59–79 (1997)
Beymer, D., Flickner, M.: Eye Gaze Tracking Using an Active Stereo Head. IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (2003)
Zhu, J., et al.: Subpixel Eye Gaze Tracking. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (2002)
Stiefelhagen, R., Yang, J., Waibel, A.: Tracking Eyes and Monitoring Eye Gaze. In: Proceedings of Workshop on Perceptual User Interfaces, pp. 98–100 (1997)
Daugman, J.: The Importance of Being Random: Statistical Principles of Iris Recognition. Pattern Recognition 36(2), 279–291 (2003)
Jain, R.: Machine Vision, McGraw-Hill International Edition (1995)
Choi, K.-S., et al.: New Auto-focusing Technique Using the Frequency Selective Weight Median Filter for Video Cameras. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 45(3), 820–827 (1999)
Vogel: Optical Properties of Human Sclera and Their Consequences for Trans-scleral Laser Applications. Lasers in Surgery & Medicine 11(4), 331–340 (1991)
Deng, J., et al.: Region-based Template Deformation and Masking for Eye Feature Extraction and Description. Pattern Recognition 30(3), 403–419 (1997)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Park, K.R. (2004). Vision-Based Facial and Eye Gaze Tracking System. In: Biundo, S., Frühwirth, T., Palm, G. (eds) KI 2004: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. KI 2004. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 3238. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30221-6_34
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30221-6_34
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-23166-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-30221-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive